OPTICS HIGHLIGHTS AN ANECDOTAL HISTORY OF OPTICS ANCIENT

OPTICS HIGHLIGHTS AN ANECDOTAL HISTORY OF OPTICS

ANCIENT HISTORY • ancient Greece – beginning of the history of optics and optical devices • Aristophanes - reflection of the sun’s rays • Democritus and Aristotele - nature of vision • the Emperor Nero - the first to use a monocle • Ptolemy - refractive effects of water and discussed the refractive effects of the atmosphere • Alhazan - the result of light coming from an object into the eye

SPECTACLES • China - adornment - magical powers - colored glass, not correcting lenses • Roger Bacon - the first recorded reference to the magnifying properties of lenses in 1262 • 1280 – first eyeglasses in Florence by Alessandro di Spina > thein use spread rapidly

. • 1604 - Johannes Kepler - a correct explanation of their operation • 1784 – Benjamin Franklin – bifocals - the two lens sections were held by the frame (1908 bifocals with the sections fused together) • 1827 - George Airy - introduced the use of a cylindrical lens • 1636 - René Descartes - suggested and sketched contact lenses • 1887 - Adolf Fick - the first contact lenses to have been worn • 1948 - Kevin Tuohy - the plastic contact lens

THE TELESCOPE • 1608 - Hans Lippershey - the invention of the telescope • 1610 - Galileo Galilei - the telescopic observations of the moon and planets Opera-glass • Johannes Kepler - the form of the refracting telescope = the basis for modern refractors (it has a convex lens placed in back of the focus)

. • 1670 - Isaac Newton - invention and construction of the reflecting telescope • 1733 - Chester More Hall - resolved the problem of chromatic aberration for refractor telescope by a lens design – kept secret • 1759 - it was uncovered and used commercially by John Dolland his son • 1930 - Bernhard Schmidt – his telescope serves astronomy as a wide angle camera

THE MICROSCOPE • end of the 16 th century or the beginning of the 17 th - ascribed to Hans Jansen • 1665 - Robert Hooke - replaced the eye piece with the twinlens telescope eyepiece - Hooke’s three-lens microscope is the basis for modern instruments

. • 1830 - Joseph Jackson Lister – lens design - resolved the problem of spherical aberration for microscopes • 1841 - Karl Friederich Gauss - general theory of lens design • during 1870 – 1888 - Ernst Abbé – eliminated many of the remaining limitations

RAY OPTICS, CORPUSCLES AND WAVES • 1621 - Willebrord Snell - discovery of the law of refraction • 1657 - Pierre de Fermat - "principle of least time„

. • 1672 – Isaac Newton - based his explanations of reflection and refraction on a corpuscular theory of light • 1827 -William Hamilton used this principle as a basis for a general mathematical theory of ray optics.

WAVE OPTICS • 1801 - Thomas Young - discovered the interference of light • 1808 - Etienne-Louis Malus – the polarization of light by reflection • 1811 - David Brewster - polarizing angle

. . • 1815 -Jean Fresnel -rediscovered interference and provided a mathematical theory of diffraction based on the wave theory

OPTICS, ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & QUANTA • 1873 - James Clerk Maxwell - his equations for the electromagnetic field described waves traveling at the velocity of light • 1818 - Joseph von Fraunhofer - absorption lines of the elements • 1886 - Hertz - electromagnetic waves were refracted and reflected like light waves.

. . • 1905 -Einstein- analysis of the photoelectric effect • 1928 - Niels Bohr -the development of quantum mechanics, and the principle of wave-particle duality of light and matter •

SOME ROOTS OF MODERN OPTICAL SYSTEMS • 1925 - John Logie Baird - the first optical data storage • 1948 - Denis Gabor - holography (3 D pictures)

. • 1873 – Abee - optical data processing • 1960 - construction of the first laser and the rapid development of optical communication systems, Principal components: 1. Active laser medium 2. Laser pumping energy 3. High reflector 4. Output coupler 5. Laser beam

That is all. Thank you for coming

. Language • • • remarkable: nápadný, nevšední (pozoruhodný), solve: rozluštit (kód), vyluštit (křížovku apod. ), explain: jasně se vyjádřit, podat výklad čeho, result: výsledek, důsledek, adornment: ozdoba, lem required: požadovaný, povinný (školní předmět), eyepiece: okulár velocity of wave front: postupivost vlny pressure wave: tlaková vlna comprehensive: celkový, obsáhlý, obsažný, spatial: prostorový storage: akumulace, uskladnění, hromadění, Reference http: //micro. magnet. fsu. edu - announce: ohlásit, - propose: klást za cíl - matter: hmota, látka - record: zápis - obtain: získat, dostat