Neurons Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmission Unit 2 Structure and

Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Neurotransmission Unit 2

Structure and Function of a Neuron

Dendrite Axon Myelin Sheath Terminal buttons Synapse Resting potential All-or-none Law Like a tree. Also, each branch is a telephone wire that carries incoming messages to you. Like a gun. Fires completely or not at all. Like the insulation that covers electrical wires. Like a silicon chip in a computer that receives and transmits information between input and output devices as well as between other chips. Like an electrical cable that carries information. Like a battery. Stable until electrical charge stimulates it. Neuron Analogy Review Like the nozzle at the end of a hose, from which water is squirted. Like a railroad junction, where tow trains may meet.

Neural Communication

Firing a Neuron is like Flushing a Toilet

The Synapse: Communication between Neurons

Reaction Time of Neural Transmission and Mental Processes

S-N-A-G-G-E-D Neurotransmitters Create a mnemonic device p. 57 Serotonin Norepinephrine Acetylcholine (ACh) GABA Glutamate Endorphins Dopamine

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Acetylcholine (ACh) GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Endorphins Dopamine

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and X arousal Acetylcholine (ACh) GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Endorphins Dopamine Depressed mood, lack of energy, lack of drive

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and X arousal Depressed mood, lack of energy, lack of drive Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and memory With Alzheirmer’s disease, ACh- producing neurons deteriorate GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Endorphins Dopamine X

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and X arousal Depressed mood, lack of energy, lack of drive Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and memory X With Alzheirmer’s disease, ACh- producing neurons deteriorate GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A major inhibitory NT X Seizures, tremors, insomnia, epilepsy Glutamate Endorphins Dopamine

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and X arousal Depressed mood, lack of energy, lack of drive Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and memory X With Alzheirmer’s disease, ACh- producing neurons deteriorate GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Major inhibitory NT X Seizures, tremors, insomnia, epilepsy Glutamate Major excitatory NT; involved in memory Overstimulates brain producing migraines or seizures X Endorphins Dopamine

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and X arousal Depressed mood, lack of energy, lack of drive Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and memory X With Alzheirmer’s disease, ACh- producing neurons deteriorate GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Major inhibitory NT X Seizures, tremors, insomnia, epilepsy Glutamate Major excitatory NT; involved in memory Overstimulates brain producing migraines or seizures X Endorphins Influence the perception of pain or pleasure, natural opiates Dopamine Oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress the body’s natural supply

S N A G G E D Neurotransmitter Function Too Much Too Little Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal X Depression Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and X arousal Depressed mood, lack of energy, lack of drive Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and memory X With Alzheirmer’s disease, ACh- producing neurons deteriorate GABA Major inhibitory NT Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid X Seizures, tremors, insomnia, epilepsy Glutamate Major excitatory NT; involved in memory Overstimulates brain producing migraines or seizures X Endorphins Influence the perception of pain or pleasure, natural opiates Dopamine Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion Oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress the body’s natural supply Linked to schizophrenia Linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease

Agonists- molecules that excite / mimic neurotransmitters Cocaine -- dopamine LSD and Ecstasy -- serotonin Morphine, oxycodone, heroin (opiates) – endorphins Antagonists- molecules that inhibit / block neurotransmitters Botulin causes paralysis by blocking Ach release Agonist versus Antagonist Drugs

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