Ms Rakhi L Lalwani Assistant Professor in English

Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

� Scriptures translated – educative role. � Vernacular glosses of the Latin Bible also constitute translation. � 9 th Century – King Alfred – translation for helping the English recover from demoralization. � Asserted that English was also a Literary language. � Sometimes translated word to word and sometimes sense for sense. � Product more important than process. � Translation – moral and didactic, sometimes political. Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

� Quintilian – translation as writing exercise for greater oratory. � Divided two areas of study, the Trivium (grammar, rhetoric and dialectic) and the Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy). � Translation – helps in analysing structures and experimenting with form. � Two stages – initial stage of translating as per the author’s view and the later stage of adding creativity and individual style. � Advocated translation from Greek to Latin to develop imaginative powers. � Translation – stylistic exercise. Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

� � � � � After 10 th Century – development of vernacular languages. Translation – to increase status of the vernacular – led to adaptations and absorbtion Gianfranco Folena – vertical and horizontal translation Vertical – SL has higher status. Horizontal – both languages have similar value. Horace, Roger Bacon – loss in translation vs new coinages. Dante – importance of accessibility. Vertical – inter-linear gloss, word for word Horizontal – imitation, borrowing. Dante or John of Trevisa – accuracy in translation translator’s ability to read and understand the original and does not rest on the translator’s subordination to that SL text. Translation is a skill. Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

� Printing Press – 15 th Century – increase in translation. � Led to formulation of theory for translation. � Function of translation changed – new worlds opened up – altered perspectives. � French humanist Etienne Dolet (1509– 46) – first theorist? � Executed for heresy – mistranslating Plato’s dialogues. � Dolet - short outline of translation principles, entitled La manière de bien traduire d’une langue en aultre (How to Translate Well from one Language into Another) Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

� Five principles for translator – �(1) The translator must fully understand the sense and meaning of the original author, although he is at liberty to clarify obscurities. �(2) The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL. �(3) The translator should avoid word-for-word renderings. �(4) The translator should use forms of speech in common use. �(5) The translator should choose and order words appropriately to produce the correct tone. � Understanding as primary requisite. Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

George Chapman (1559– 1634) – reiterates Dolet. � In Epistle to the Reader of his translation of The Iliad � � (1) avoid word for word renderings � (2) attempt to reach the ‘spirit’ of the original � (3) avoid overloose translations, by basing the translation on a sound scholarly investigation of other versions and glosses. � Platonic doctrine – divine inspiration of poetry – possible to translate the ‘spirit’ or ‘tone’ of the original to be recreated in another cultural context. � ‘transmigration’ of the original text - duties and responsibilities both to the original author and the audience. Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.

Ms. Rakhi L. Lalwani, Assistant Professor in English, SNMV CAS.