Marine Environmental Awareness Course Antifouling paint Name Date

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Marine Environmental Awareness Course Antifouling paint Name • Date

Marine Environmental Awareness Course Antifouling paint Name • Date

Antifouling paint Contents 1. Fouling on ships’ hull 2. Antifouling paints using biocides 3.

Antifouling paint Contents 1. Fouling on ships’ hull 2. Antifouling paints using biocides 3. Impacts of antifouling paints 4. Role of shipping 2 Photo credits: International Paint/Green Award Foundation

1. Fouling on ships’ hull Fouling by: • micro-organisms (slime layer), • sea weeds,

1. Fouling on ships’ hull Fouling by: • micro-organisms (slime layer), • sea weeds, • shellfish (such as molluscs and barnacles) • … Up to 150 kg per square meter Up to 40% more fuel consumption 3 Photo credits: International Paint

2. Antifouling paints using biocides Biocide = a substance that kills organisms History: -

2. Antifouling paints using biocides Biocide = a substance that kills organisms History: - Copper plates - Lime - Arsenic / mercury - Pesticides such as DDT Since the 70 s: TBT (tributyltin) - Self polishing paints - Very toxic: - Reduced fouling effectively - BUT also damaged other marine life! 4 Photo credits: International Paint

3. Impacts of antifouling paints TBT characteristics and effects: - Very toxic - Imposex

3. Impacts of antifouling paints TBT characteristics and effects: - Very toxic - Imposex (72 species) - shell deformations (oysters) - immune responses - neurological and genetic effects - Bioaccumulates - Highly persistent female whelk with imposex 5 Photo credits: unknown / Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ

Antifouling paint Contents 1. Fouling on ships’ hull 2. Antifouling paints using biocides 3.

Antifouling paint Contents 1. Fouling on ships’ hull 2. Antifouling paints using biocides 3. Impacts of antifouling paints 4. Role of shipping 6 Photo credits: International Paint/Green Award Foundation

The International Convention on the Control Of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems entered into force in

The International Convention on the Control Of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems entered into force in 2008 TBT is prohibited, common paints with biocides are now: 1. Paints with other biocides than TBT – mostly copper and zinc 2. Paints with (agricultural) pesticides 3. Paints with natural biocides Negative effects of copper have been reported as well … 7

Biocide-free anti-fouling systems 1. Non-stick coatings - very smooth, polished surfaces (silicones, Teflon) 2.

Biocide-free anti-fouling systems 1. Non-stick coatings - very smooth, polished surfaces (silicones, Teflon) 2. Systems using electricity – creating chlorine 3. Ultrasonic systems – sound as a repellent 4. Prickly coatings - Covering the ship’s hull with microscopic hairs that make it impossible for marine organisms to attach 5. Periodical scrubbing 8 Photo credits: International Paint

Questions? 9

Questions? 9

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