Look out for 1 and there is no

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“Look out for #1— and there is no #2” Ethical Egoism University of San

“Look out for #1— and there is no #2” Ethical Egoism University of San Diego 12/3/2020 Lawrence M. Hinman, Ph. D. Director, The Values Institute (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 1

Ethical Egoism n Selfishness is extolled as a virtue – Ayn Rand, The Virtue

Ethical Egoism n Selfishness is extolled as a virtue – Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness n n 12/3/2020 May appeal to psychological egoism as a foundation Often very compelling for high school students (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2

Versions of Ethical Egoism n Personal Ethical Egoism – “I am going to act

Versions of Ethical Egoism n Personal Ethical Egoism – “I am going to act only in my own interest, and everyone else can do whatever they want. ” n Individual Ethical Egoism – “Everyone should act in my own interest. ” n Universal Ethical Egoism – “Each individual should act in his or her own self interest. ” 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 3

Arguments for Ethical Egoism There at least three principal arguments in support of ethical

Arguments for Ethical Egoism There at least three principal arguments in support of ethical egoism: n Altruism is demeaning. n Acting selfishly creates a better world. n It doesn’t result in such a different world after all. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 4

Altruism Is Demeaning Friedrich Nietzsche and other philosophers argued that altruism was demeaning because

Altruism Is Demeaning Friedrich Nietzsche and other philosophers argued that altruism was demeaning because it meant that an individual was saying that some other person was more important than that individual. Nietzsche saw this as denigrating oneself, putting oneself down by valuing oneself less than the other. This, the heart of altruism, is demeaning in Nietzsche’s eyes. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 5

Acting Selfishly Creates a Better World Ethical egoists sometimes maintain that if each person

Acting Selfishly Creates a Better World Ethical egoists sometimes maintain that if each person took care of himself/herself, the overall effect would be to make the world a better place for everyone. – Epistemological: Each person is best suited to know his or her own best interests. – Moral: Helping others makes them dependent, which ultimately harms them. Reply: this justification ultimately appeals to utilitarian principles, not the principles of ethical egoism. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 6

Ethical egoism doesn’t result in such a different world after all. n n n

Ethical egoism doesn’t result in such a different world after all. n n n This argument presupposes the people in fact already act selfishly (i. e, psychological egoism) and are just pretending to be altruistic. If psychological egoism is true, then we should admit its truth and get rid of our hypocrisy. Reply: it may not make a big difference in a world of independent adults, but in a world with children and people at risk or in need, they would be put in further jeapordy. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 7

Criticisms of Ethical Egoism n Cannot be consistently universalized – But see Kalin: This

Criticisms of Ethical Egoism n Cannot be consistently universalized – But see Kalin: This works in sports. Presupposes a world of strangers indifferent to one another. n Difficult to imagine love or even friendship from the altruist’s standpoint. n Seems to be morally insensitive n 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 8

Universalizing Ethical Egoism n Can the ethical egoist consistently will that everyone else follow

Universalizing Ethical Egoism n Can the ethical egoist consistently will that everyone else follow the tenets of ethical egoism? – It seems to be in one’s self-interest to be selfish oneself and yet get everyone else to act altruistically (especially if they act for your benefit). This leads to individual ethical egoism. n Some philosophers such as Jesse Kalin have argued that in sports we consistently universalize ethical egoism: we intend to win, but we want our opponents to try as hard as they can! 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 9

Ethical Egoism: a philosophy for a world of strangers n Some philosophers have argued

Ethical Egoism: a philosophy for a world of strangers n Some philosophers have argued that ethical egoism is, at best, appropriate to living in a world of strangers that you do not care about. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 10

Ethical Egoism and Friendship n Can ethical egoists be good friends? – If friendship

Ethical Egoism and Friendship n Can ethical egoists be good friends? – If friendship involves (among other things) being concerned about other people for their own sake, then this seems something beyond the reach of the egoist. – Ethical egoists can help their friends if they believe there is a long-term payoff for doing so. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 11

Ethical Egoism and Moral Sensitivity n Can the ethical egoist be sensitive to the

Ethical Egoism and Moral Sensitivity n Can the ethical egoist be sensitive to the suffering of others? – Such sensitivity seems to presuppose caring about other people for their own sake. – Moral sensitivity presupposes that the suffering of others exerts a moral “pull” on the individual—something that the ethical egoist does not recognize. 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 12

The Truths in Ethical Egoism Sometimes self-interest masquerades as altruism n Ethics should not

The Truths in Ethical Egoism Sometimes self-interest masquerades as altruism n Ethics should not deny the importance of self-interest n Self-love is a virtue, but it is not the only virtue. Ethical egoism mistakes a part of the picture for the whole picture n 12/3/2020 (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 13

Egoism, Altruism, and the Ideal World Aristotle n n n Ideally, we seek a

Egoism, Altruism, and the Ideal World Aristotle n n n Ideally, we seek a society in which self-interest and regard for others converge—the green zone. Egoism at the expense of others and altruism at the expense of self-interest both create worlds in which goodness and self-regard are mutually exclusive—the yellow zone. No one want the red zone, which is against both selfinterest and regard for others. 12/3/2020 Tocqueville’s “Self-interest rightly understood” High Altruism Kant Self-sacrificing altruism Low Egoism Not beneficial either to self or others Drug addiction Alcoholism, etc. (c) Lawrence M. Hinman Self-interest and regard for others converge High Egoism Self-interest at the expense of others Low Altruism Hobbes’s State of Nature, Nietzsche? 14