Legendary Expatriates Fitzgerald Hemingway and the Construction of

Legendary Expatriates: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and the Construction of the “Lost Generation” By Melissa Unger

Fitzgerald's “The Swimmers” Fitzgeral. D’s “One Trip Abroad” Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Relief from cultural dislocation through expatriation Cowley’s Exile’s Return Tension between possibilities and perils offered through expatriation Use of ideal, imaginary world of expatriation to escape or avoid personal circumstances callaghan’s That Summer in Paris Outcome of displaced individuals seeking relief by entering imagined world of infinite possibilities and disconnection Narratives of American expatriation Emphasize impossibility of escaping or avoiding issues of displacement Emphasize dangers of escaping in an imagined world

Historical Criticism : Emphasis on how literature relates to its context – a relationship of “reciprocity and mutual constitution” (Montrose 12) Supports notion of “dialogue between texts and contexts” (Kramer 114) Context of production: “Literary works” viewed as response “to the social and cultural conditions of the time and place of their production” (White 299) Context of reception: Impact of context of reception on the productive capacities of a text – “… “…reception always invents, shifts things about, distorts” (Chartier 21) Supports a textual view of historical contexts (Montrose 20; see also La. Capra qtd in Kramer 114; White 297; and Jay 559) Examination of literature and its contexts: “become[s] a question of ‘intertextual’ reading” (La. Capra qtd in Kramer 115) Chartier, Roger. On the Edge of the Cliff: History, Language, and Practices. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Parallax Re-visions of Culture and Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. ACLS Humanities E-Books. Web. Athabasca U Lib. 13 January 2015. http: //0 -quod. lib. umich. edu. aupac. lib. athabascau. ca/cgi/t/textidx? c=acls; idno=heb 04799. Jay, Martin. “Historical Explanation and the Event: Reflections on the Limits of Contextualization. ” New Literary History 42. 4 (2011): 557 -571. Project MUSE – Premium Collection. Athabasca U Lib. Athabasca, AB. 13 January 2015. http: //0 -muse. jhu. edu. aupac. lib. athabascau. ca/journals/new_literary_history/v 042/42. 4. jay. pdf. . Kramer, Lloyd. “Literature, Criticism, and Historical Imagination: The Literary Challenge of Hayden White and Dominick La. Capra. ” The New Cultural History. Ed. Lynn Hunt. Berkeley: U of California P, 1989. 97 -128. ACLS Humanities E-Books. Web. Athabasca U Lib. 13 January 2015. http: //0 -hdl. handle. net. aupac. lib. athabascau. ca/2027/heb 04844. 0001. Montrose, Louis. “Professing the Renaissance: The Poetics and Politics of Culture. ” Veeser 15 -36. Veeser, H. Aram, ed. The New Historicism. New York: Routledge, 1989. White, Hayden. “New Historicism: A Comment. ” Veeser 293 -302.

Malcolm cowley’s Exile’s Return: A Literary Odyssey of the 1920 s Cowley, Malcolm. Exile’s Return: A Literary Odyssey of the 1920 s. New York: Viking Press, 1963. Political conditions Led to sense of alienation Social and moral conditions Spuriousness and hypocrisy Economic conditions Economic frenzy Impact of the war and the cultural situation on the “Lost Generation” “[U]prooted” (9) Physically and psychically In transition “[F]rom the old…to nothing new” (9) Choice of some members of the “Lost Generation” to expatriate to Europe Escaping from… “[M]ediocrity” (76), commercialism, social and moral restrictions Running toward… Intellectual achievement, newness, freedom Cultural situation in America after WWI Narrative of alienation and cultural dislocation Europe as a land of opportunities

Morley Callaghan’s That summer in Paris: Memories of Tangled Friendships with Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Some Others Idealistic perceptions of Paris Dreamlik e Accessibl e Timeless Imaginary world into which expatriates entered in Europe Illusory Detached (Kennedy, Imagining 192) “[O]therworldliness” (Callaghan 229) Inclusive “[I]maginatively neither here nor there”” (Kennedy, Imagining 260, emphasis original) Avoidance of reality Necessity of facing his situation Reality of displacement in France Continuation of displacement Acknowledgement of displacement at home Dangers of venturing too far into an imaginative realm “[C]risis of the displaced self” (Kennedy, Imagining 27) Rashness and impetuousness (Kennedy, “Figuring” 318) Callaghan, Morley. That Summer In Paris: Memories of Tangled Friendships with Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Some Others. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976. Kennedy, J. Gerald. “Figuring the Damage: Fitzgerald’s ‘Babylon Revisited’ and Hemingway’s ‘The Snows of Kilimanjaro. ’” French Connections: Hemingway and Fitzgerald Abroad. Ed. J. Gerald Kennedy and Jackson R. Bryer. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1998. 317 -343. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Imagining Paris: Exile, Writing, and American Identity. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993.

“The Swimmers, ” “One Trip Abroad, ” and The sun also rises Tension between the possibilities and the perils of an imaginary expatriate world Possibilities: Productivity or Novelty Perils: Self-indulgence or Self-alienation Result from attempts to avoid acknowledging displacement by entering into an imaginary expatriate world Emphasis on consequent damage and futility of trying to avoid issues arising from displacement

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Swimmers” Henry Marston Displaced at home in America Tension between possibility of new identity and danger of selfalienation Possibility of a new identity: Attempts to start new life in France Tenuousness of Henry’s situation in the first part of the story Risk of self-alienation: “[A] process of ceaseless adaptation” (Fitzgerald 502) Henry’s perception of Paris (Lehan 17) Reaches apex of physical and mental breakdown Fitzgerald, F. Scott. “The Swimmers. ” The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribner, 1989. 495512. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Imagining Paris: Exile, Writing, and American Identity. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993. Lehan, Richard. “The Expatriate Predicament in The Sun Also Rises. ” French Connections: Hemingway and Fitzgerald Abroad. Ed. J. Gerald Kennedy and Jackson R. Bryer. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1998.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Swimmers”: Henry Marston Henry is disillusioned with French identity Henry’s encounter with the American girl: Confronted with reality of his displacement Learning to swim symbolizes recovery of his subjectivity Henry swims to cope with his displacement Choupette’s affair with Mr. Wiese represents Henry’s displacement by uniting elements of French life most alienating with elements of America most despised Henry returns to United States Henry redefines his concept of America and his own identity Henry’s swim to the lighthouse: Final effort in permanently detaching from undesirable aspects of America and constructing new American identity Final meeting with American girl reinforces that recovery achieved through confronting displacement Fitzgerald, F. Scott. “The Swimmers. ” The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribner, 1989. 495512. Friedman, Melvin J. “ ‘The Swimmers’: Paris and Virginia Reconciled. ” The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: New Approaches in Criticism. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Imagining Paris: Exile, Writing, and American Identity. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “One trip abroad” The Kellys Novelty and productivity: Broadening horizons and selfimprovement in Europe Disillusionment and displacement at home Tension between pursuit of novelty and productivity and immersion into self-indulgence and self-alienation Reflected in appearance of doubles (Kuehl 184) Bou Saada Monte Carlo Paris Switzerland Fitzgerald, F. Scott. “One Trip Abroad. ” The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribner, 1989. 577 -597. Kuehl, John. “Flakes of Black Snow: ‘One Trip Abroad’ Reconsidered. ” New Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Neglected Stories. Ed. Jackson R. Bryer. Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1996. 175 -188.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “One trip abroad”: The Kellys Bou Saada Monte Carlo Paris Switzerland Exposed to imaginary expatriate world through contact with the Mileses Existence in separate dimension of the expatriate world Further immersion into imaginary expatriate realm Re-evaluation of their life and condition Face decisions about self-indulgence Have given in to selfindulgence and increased selfalienation Apex of selfindulgence, selfalienation, and disconnection Relational rift marks initial damage Increased damage apparent in appearance of doubles Exposed to danger in the form of Count Chiki Recognition of themselves in doubles (Kuehl 188) Futility and danger of imaginary world emphasized through damage incurred Fitzgerald, F. Scott. “One Trip Abroad. ” The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribner, 1989. 577 -597. Glenday. Michael K. “American Riviera: Style and Expatriation in Tender Is the Night. ” Twenty-First Century Readings of Tender Is the Night. Eds. William Blazek and Laura Rattray. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2007. 143 -159. Pro. Quest Ebrary. Web. Athabasca U Lib. 20 April 2016. <http: //0 site. ebrary. com. aupac. lib. ath abascau. ca/lib/athabasca/detail. action? doc. ID=10369623>. Kennedy, J. Gerald. “Fitzgerald’s expatriate years and the European stories. ” The Cambridge Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Ed. Ruth Prigozy. New York: Cambridge UP, 2002. 118 -142. Kuehl, John. “Flakes of Black Snow: ‘One Trip Abroad’ Reconsidered. ” New Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Neglected Stories. Ed. Jackson R. Bryer. Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1996. 175 -188.

Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Jake’s Displacement War injury Loss of traditional values (Reynolds 63) Conflicted identity as a Catholic Inefficacy of pre -war values in postwar world Fabricated Expatriate World Social Interactions Alcohol Avoidance of actual circumstances Jake and Brett’s Relationship Vacillation between awareness of painful reality of their relationship and efforts to avoid that reality Avoid actually articulating their painful reality (Djos 71) Get drunk when their reality is overwhelming Djos, Matt. “Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway’s ‘The Sun Also Rises’: A Wine and Roses Perspective on the Lost Generation. ” Hemingway Review 14. 2 (1995): 64 -78. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Athabasca U Lib. Athabasca, AB. 12 Nov. 2015. <h <http: //0 web. bebscohost. com. aupac. lib. athabascau. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/p dfviewer? sid=156 c 8 b 2 e-a 0 e 1 -47 e 6 -82 d 5 eb 55 f 8275 d 52%40 sessionmgr 115&vid=3&hid=128>. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. Toronto: Indigo Library, 2014. Reynolds, Michael S. The Sun Also Rises: A Novel of the Twenties. Boston: Twayne Publishers: 1988.

Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Jake Barnes Tension between productive activities and forays into self-indulgence Paris Pamplona Journalism Montparnasse night life Productivity can replace losses Self-indulgence can drown losses Participation as aficionado Gives up productive status to satisfy Brett (Reynolds 34) Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. Toronto: Indigo Library, 2014. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Imagining Paris: Exile, Writing, and American Identity. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993. Reynolds, Michael S. The Sun Also Rises: A Novel of the Twenties. Boston: Twayne Publishers: 1988. Spectatorship Self-indulgence brings regret as it destroys his status as an aficionado

Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Jake Barnes Unable to escape the reality of his displacement Comes full circle (Kennedy, Imagining 118) Futility and destructiveness of Jake trying to avoid his displacement through escaping into the productive activities and self-indulgent forays available in a fabricated expatriate world Djos, Matt. “Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway’s ‘The Sun Also Rises’: A Wine and Roses Perspective on the Lost Generation. ” Hemingway Review 14. 2 (1995): 64 -78. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Athabasca U Lib. Athabasca, AB. 12 Nov. 2015. <http: //0 web. bebscohost. com. aupac. lib. athabascau. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/p dfviewer? sid=156 c 8 b 2 e-a 0 e 1 -47 e 6 -82 d 5 eb 55 f 8275 d 52%40 sessionmgr 115&vid=3&hid=128>. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. Toronto: Indigo Library, 2014. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Imagining Paris: Exile, Writing, and American Identity. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Swimmers” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “One trip abroad” Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Outcomes of displaced individuals seeking escape in an imagined world of expatriates that allows disconnection from their personal situations Malcolm cowley’s Exile’s Return Morley Callaghan’s That summer in Paris Relevance today: Constantly shifting circumstances lead to displacement and disorientation; individuals still face a choice between avoiding these issues or Damaging effects of avoiding displacement by immersion in searching for an effective paradigm imaginary world instead of searching for a suitable for understanding and responding paradigm for dealing with their circumstances to their circumstances

Legendary Expatriates: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and the Construction of the “Lost Generation” By Melissa Unger