Incineration of hazardous waste the key differences Eurits

Incineration of hazardous waste: the key differences Eurits presentation to WI BREF informal TWG meeting, Seville, 5 December 2017

What have we done? • Data & comments in conformity with Bref process • Information: • Eurits provided KUL study on a life cycle approach to emissions -> focus on integrated “IPPC” principle and cross-media impacts (Batis: 26. 03. 15) • Eurits provided 20 associated BAT proposals (Batis 15. 04. 16) • Site visits with focus on high temperature incineration (HTI): Eurits members Indaver (Hamburg, DE) & SARPI (Limay, F)

What do we experience? • Ko. M: possible mandate for specificity of HW: comments 75, 77 and 78 (no conflict with ideal of: “where possible BAT conclusions be identified for the whole of the WI sector” ie not always possible to generalise across whole WI sector) • Important BATs or parts of BATs relevant for HTI given in WI BREF 2006 disappeared without justification • Example BATs: 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 23, 26, 49, 56, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75 • Very little information provide by Eurits is referenced in D 1 revised BREF

10 codes of good practice for HTI 1. 3 major goals of HTI: destruction of organic persistent/ hazardous components; irreversible transformation of inorganic hazardous components; and energy/material recovery where possible 2. Guaranteed complete combustion is function of 5 operational parameters (5 Ts): temperature; (residence) time; turbulence; throughput; and type of waste -> see additional slide (BAT 19&49 2006) 3. Leads to a specific design - rotary kiln and post combustion chamber - to ensure similar conditions in gas and solid/liquid phase & guaranteed destruction in gas phase with no bypass of solids of the incineration point(s). (BAT 1, 23, 49&73, 2006) ->Alternative design: proof of similar performance and control i. e. equipment/expertise, emissions, burn out, DE and DRE 4. No derogations of minimum process conditions for HWI: 850 C and 2 seconds

10 codes of good practice 5. Specific infrastructure, e. g. storage, direct injection, safety, … to cope with hazards/risks of HW (BAT 5 2006) 6. Well trained, experienced & equipped staff (BAT 56 2006) 7. Analytical control of acceptance and process knowledge based on flow analysis -> known & traceable fate of hazardous components (BAT 4&69 2006) 8. Level of destruction of bottom ash is much more than just a TOC figure of 3% but also process operation eg slagging mode, visual inspection of unburned fraction, analysis of hazardous components… 9. Strict & adapted control of bottom ash from HWI quality if recovered e. g. PICs 10. Mixing of HW only for process optimization, not to lose traceability (BAT 11, 69 & 70 2006)

Purpose and priority For the incineration of hazardous waste main priorities: • Guarantee high levels of destruction efficiency for hazardous organic substances • Safe and reliable immobilisation of hazardous inorganic substances in flue gas cleaning residues Different emphasis to a waste-to-energy facility Size of plant, technology choices and operational strategy are different

Main characteristics of HTI An introduction Destruction efficiency Strict IED ELVs 3 T Burn-out SINK

The ‘ 3 T’ & ‘ 5 T’ principle Technology: static and rotary kiln, grate furnace & fluidised bed Temperature Technology Time Type of waste Combustion efficiency & Burn-out of BA Turbulence Throughput

Combustion performance • Detail on combustion performance largely missing in D 1 • TOC / LOI are a legal requirement but not the only or best indicator of burn out of HW, please consider: • Visual inspection of unburned or partially burned fractions • Additional analytical control if necessary i. e. presence of PICs, POPs…, • Process knowledge and control eg based on mass flow analysis • Tests for specific hazardous components if temperature is lower (ie 850 °C)

Combustion conditions • Process conditions are completely omitted from Chapter 5 • Post-combustion chamber for certainty of destruction of organic molecules • Strict minimum temperature of 850 °C for 2 seconds, increased to 1100 °C if Cl >1% • For incineration of HW derogations from minimum process conditions of 850 °C for 2 seconds should never be possible • Long term analysis of destruction efficiency (DE) and destruction removal efficiency (DRE) are potential tools to justify deviation from best practice

Process controls • Strict pre-acceptance and acceptance control • On site laboratory to analyse samples on arrival • Sampling regime tailored to risks of hazardous wastes • Well trained staff experienced in the task • Specialised storage e. g. tank farms; drum / IBC storage; bunker; small packages etc as appropriate • Dedicated waste preparation and waste feed systems e. g. direct injection

Types of waste • Waste is rarely homogenous, however municipal waste considerably more homogenous than hazardous waste. • The variability of the input differs much more significantly than municipal waste incinerators -> can never be captured in a questionnaire, only via ‘information’ • The types of waste will have a major impact on the type of plant that can incinerate a particular waste type (design of plant and necessary temperature), the throughput of particular waste types • Specialised waste handling from (pre-)acceptance to incineration including direct injection / shredders/ bulk tank storage etc

Possible solutions: the way forward? • Solution as agreed at Ko. M: separate section of chapter 5 for issues specific to HW • Or combination of footnotes and applicability to BATCs where incineration of HW is markedly different • Use the relevant BAT from existing WI BREF • BATC 15: many of our comments can be incorporated into BATC 15 The approach should address areas outlined in this presentation and comments on D 1 Outcome in terms of BAT AELs may be similar, but techniques to get you to BAT (and AELS) are very different! Thank you for your attention!