APES REVIEW 12 days till the APES Exam
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APES REVIEW 12 days till the APES Exam Do Now: Match up the Legislation Flash Cards at your table. Agenda: • Legislation Flash Cards • Lecture: Most Important Legislation Homework: “ 115 Ways to Go APE!” • 18 LAW flash cards (Due Thur) • Flashcards #1 – 50 (Due Fri) • Flashcards #51 – 115 (Due Mon)
APES REVIEW 11 days till the APES Exam Do Now: 7 Multiple Choice questions Agenda: • Lecture: Legislation • Legislation Flash. Cards • Silent Spring Homework: Read “Silent Spring”excerpt; answer questions. • Flashcards #1 – 50 (Due Fri) • Flashcards #51 – 115 (Due Mon)
• What’s the difference between the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Protocol? • Why would a country not ratify the Kyoto Protocol?
The Most Important Environmental Legislation
Early Days • Why did early laws not mention the environment? – There was so much land so many resources in the US that it was unimaginable that they could be in danger • After Civil War people continued to migrate West and realized that US did not have endless supply of land/resources. – First national park, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872
Early Activists • Henry David Thoreau (1817 -1862) Walden – Studied nature at Walden Pond • John Wesley Powell (1834 -1902) – First to pass through Grand Canyon – First to advocate to regulate land use
Theodore Roosevelt (1858 -1919) • Started own natural history museum as child became part of NYC’s AMNH – “Golden Age of Conservation” – increased national forest lands by 400%, 150 new national forests, 51 bird reserves, established five national parks (Grand Canyon), 4 national reserves, 18 national monuments, 24 reclamation projects, etc.
Rachel Carson • Silent Spring, 1962 • Awoke in many Americans an awareness of the state of the environment
1970 s Environmental Legislation • Most laws and policies enacted during Nixon era • Earth Day (1970) • Nixon signed into the law NEPA (1970)
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) • Required all federal agencies to provide Environmental Impact Statements for their activities – EIS: outlines all possible environmental effects and steps it has taken to avoid environmental harm, and justification for why any unavoidable harm may be necessary • Led to the creation of the EPA
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Established by Nixon in 1970 • Functions: – to protect human health – protect and preserve Earth’s air, water, land, and endangered species • EPA launched Water. Sense in 2006: promotes waterefficient consumer products (like Energy Star program)
Water Quality
1969, Cuyahoga River, Cleveland OH • Oil slick on the river caught on fire • Ignited national outrage • Soon after pressure was placed on government leaders to pass legislation to reduce water pollution
Clean Water Act (CWA) • Passed by US Congress in 1972 • Goal: Return all surface water in US to “fishable and swimmable” • Act requires specific point sources of pollution to acquire a permit and develop technology that would control output • Requires: best available, economically achievable technology for limiting toxic discharge – allows NO discharge at all of 126 toxic pollutants • Result: Surface water of US has improved dramatically – All surface water is not yet swimmable or fishable – Federal and State money allocated to build municipal sewage treatment facilities
Opponents to Clean Water Act • Farmers, developers, state/local movements feel hindered by the CWA • Local/state governments are required to spend money implementing and enforcing the CWA, none of which is reimbursed by the federal government
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) • Regulates water in municipal and commercial systems • Some people say the regulations are too loose for rural communities (pesticides, herbicides, and lead)
Air Quality
Clean Air Act • Legislation passed in 1963 • First legislation to control air pollution • Amended in 1970 with two goals: (1) Set standards to protect human health (2) Protect materials, climate, crops, visibility, and personal comfort
Clean Air Act • Clean Air Act has been modified since • Now covers standards for SUVs, water craft, ozone protection (phasing out CFCs), acid rain, and smog. • Establishes a cap and trade program for SO 2
Montreal Protocol (1987) • One of greatest environmental success stories • 180 nations agreed to cut CFC production in half – Today production and use of CFCs decreased 95% – Ozone layer is recovering
Kyoto Protocol • Developed at a world summit in 1997 to address measures for reducing GHG emissions • Promises were made by many nations, but not real progress was made • United States announced that it would not follow the protocol, and soon after, the whole movement lost support • The US Emits 20% of world’s CO 2 • China and India are rapidly increasing CO 2 levels • Failure to address global change will force us to be reactive rather than proactive • This is not effective environmental planning
US-China Climate Agreement • US & China produce over 1/3 of global greenhouse gas emissions • Agreement made in November 2014: – Obama agreed to cut GHG emissions 26 -28% below 2005 levels by 2025 – Xi Jinping of China agreed to reach peak CO 2 emissions by 2030 & increase alternative energy to 20% of all energy by 2030 Bottom Line: VERY BIG DEAL (if they meet commitments)
Solid & Hazardous Waste
Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY • In 1970 s, revealed that the site had been used to bury 21, 000 tons of toxic waste • Hooker Chemical sold the site to Niagara School Board in 1953 for $1, detailing the presence of waste • Land was developed anyway • Birth defects, enlarged head, feet, hands, miscarriages, etc.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Reliability Act (CERCLA) (1980) • AKA SUPERFUND • Identify parties responsible for contaminated areas (solid/hazardous waste) and compel them to clean up the damage at their own expense • Established trust fund, paid by taxes from polluting industries, to clean up abandoned sites where the responsible party cannot be found
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) • AKA “Cradle-to-Grave Act” • Sets regulations about manufacture, transport, storage, use, and disposal of hazardous chemicals • Requires extensive documentation at every step to ensure hazardous wastes are disposed of properly
Endangered Species
Endangered Species Act (ESA) • Bill written in 1874 to protect American bison • US Congress failed to pass bill; most people thought wild animals as abundant • Wasn’t until 1973 when ESA was passed • Sought to identify all endangered species and protect biodiversity, regardless of how useful a species is to humans • ESA regulates harassing, harming, hunting, shooting, trapping, collecting, importing/exporting, possessing or selling endangered species
Lacey Act of 1900 • Law in the US that prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed or sold.
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