ICAOs WORK on AVIATION EMISSIONS Presentation to ICAOMc

ICAO’s WORK on AVIATION EMISSIONS Presentation to ICAO/Mc. Gill Conference on Aviation Safety, Security and the Environment Jane Hupe Chief, Environmental Unit Montreal, 16 September 2007

Noise Key Environmental Issues Aircraft Engine Emissions

Context Emissions at high altitudes (8 to 13 km) n Past / future growth n Adverse meteorological conditions n Fuel alternatives n

Challenges for States and ICAO n n How to find an appropriate balance between future growth and environmental problems? How to accommodate States’ very different views within a harmonized worldwide approach?

ICAO Assembly Council Air Transport Committee Air Navigation Commission Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection

Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere n Prepared at ICAO’s request in 1999 n Covered climate change and ozone depletion n Aircraft in 1992 were estimated to contribute about 3. 5 percent of the total radiative forcing (a measure of change in climate) by all human activities and this percentage, which excludes the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds, was projected to grow.

IPCC updated information on aviation in 4 th Assessment Report (AR 4) 2007 Aviation: • 3. 0% of the total of the radiative forcing • 2% of globally produced CO 2 • 13% of fossil fuels consumed by transport • CO 2 projected to grow around 3 to 4% / year n Medium-term mitigation for CO 2 emissions from the aviation sector potentially can come from improved fuel efficiency. However, such improvements are expected to only partially offset the growth of aviation CO 2 emissions. n

Tracking Climate Change n n Aviation contributes to main scientific research projects In the framework of the CARIBIC and MOZAIC projects, and now IAGOS sensitive measuring devices aboard long-haul aircraft collect data on the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Scientists worldwide benefit from this research, which helps them better understand the causes and developments of climatic changes.

Kyoto Protocol n n Adopted in 1997/into force Feb. 2005 Commits Annex I Parties (developed Countries) to individual, legally-binding targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions Reductions of at least 5% between 20082012 compared to 1990 levels, AND TO Pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases from aviation bunker fuels, working through ICAO

ICAO and UNFCCC n n n ALL parties have to report to the Convention on their emissions, including aviation emissions Domestic aviation emissions included in national totals International aviation emissions reported ICAO provided a study on quality of aviation emissions data ICAO cooperated with the revision of the 1996 IPPC Guidelines which includes an update of the aviation emissions factors and other parameters

ICAO and UNFCCC Cont’d n n Last Assembly requested ICAO to continue to develop policy options to limit or reduce emissions and to develop proposals and provide advice to UNFCCC ; and to place special emphasis on the use of technical solutions while continuing consideration of market -based measures

Policy Options to Reduce Emissions Technology and Standards n Operational Measures n Market-based Measures: n • Emissions charges • Emissions trading • Voluntary measures

Technology and Standards n n Emissions standards (NOx, HC, CO and smoke number) Emissions database available from ICAO website

Technical Issues – NOx Standards first adopted in 1981 and made more stringent in 1993, 1998 and in 2004, when ICAO adopted new Standards to be applicable in 2008, 12% lower than the existing Standards. n NOx Standards are beneficial to LAQ and global climate n

Long-term Technology Goals for CAEP n n • n n n • • • Medium (10 years) and Long term (20 years) Technology Goals: 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6 Report to be made openly available Progress towards goals to be monitored Goal-setting process to be applied to: Noise Fuel consumption Operational measures

Operational Measures n n Improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures could reduce aviation fuel burn by between 8 and 18% Most important fuel saving opportunities come from ATM efficiencies – • more direct routings • use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed • e. g. CDAs, RVSM

Improvements in Flight Operations n Opportunities for fuel conservation • Landing weight • Fuel reserves • Airplane loading • Route selection • Altitude selection • Speed selection • Flap selection

What Are Market-Based Measures? n n “are policy tools that are designed to achieve environmental goals at a lower cost and in a more flexible manner than traditional command control regulatory measures. ” ICAO has looked at : • voluntary measures • emissions charges • emissions trading

Types of MBMs n Voluntary Measures • government and other entity agree to take specified actions or meet specified goals n Emissions Charges • a charge on the amount of emissions • revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of engine emissions n Emissions Trading • the total amount of emissions would be capped • allowances in the form of permits could be bought and sold to meet emission reduction objectives • open trading allows trading across sectors

ICAO Guidance on Emissions Trading n Requested by last Assembly n New area - Living document n Focus on aviation-specific issues n International civil aircraft operations only n n • Aircraft are mobile sources • Not State aircraft - no customs and police services Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possible Approved as draft guidance

A 35 -5 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection New proposal for A 36 Appendix H: Aviation impact on local air quality Appendix I: Aviation impact on global climate

For more information on ICAO activities on environmental protection: n ICAO WEB PAGE www. ICAO. int n Gateway to the UN System's Work on Climate Change www. un. org/climatechange n ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2007

Action without study is fatal: Study without action is futile. Thank you