Hot and Cold Water Supplies 10 immediate expansion

Hot and Cold Water Supplies 10% immediate expansion solid (ice) expansion from 4– 100°C will give about 4% expansion liquid 0°C freezing 4°C point maximum density Physical change of water 100°C boiling point H 2 O water CO 2 O 2 dust and gases added to rainfall CO 2 Section of pipe with evidence of limescale rainwater falls to the ground as a weak and dirty acidic solution Classification of water example ground conditions Moorland (CO 2 added) Sandstone (CO 2 retained) Salt (calcium sulphate) limestone and chalk (calcium carbonate) CO 2 used up to dissolve limestone very soft water (acidic) Permanent hard water (alkaline) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 83 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Temporary hard Water (alkaline)

Hot and Cold Water Supplies 750 mm minimum otherwise pipe is to be insulated meter just in or outside the boundary wall doc stop valve 750 mm – 1350 mm water meter pipe duct WATER communication pipe supply pipe mains services gooseneck Cold supply to a dwelling meter ‘plan view’ of pipe in trench, note pipe laid with slack to allow for ground movement Typical water meter Hose connected to a tap without backflow protection Frost damage to valve (causing possible contamination) (causing wastage of water) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 85 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Cold water to the consumer

Hot and Cold Water Supplies the highest the water is likely to reach at maximum rate of inflow air gap supply float operated valve overflow Type AG air gap ‘O’ ring (suitable for fluid category 3) air gap spring valve Direction of flow kitchen sink Non-verifiable single check valve (suitable for fluid category 2) Type AUK 3 air gap (suitable for fluid category 5) zone 3 zone 1 outlet discharge valve isolation valve ‘Flow position’ line strainer discharge outlet tundish maintaining a type AA air gap Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com outlet check valve outlet backflow discharge occurring outlet valve ‘Safety shut-off position’ Operation of an RPZ valve Reduced pressure zone valve Assembly (RPZ valve) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 87 inlet check valve inlet service valves isolation valve zone 2

Hot and Cold Water Supplies cistern cold feed to dhw OR cold supply to unvented 15 mm bath system of dhw basin WC 15 mm 22 mm sink 22 mm washing machine basin WC Direct system of cold water supply Service valve cold distribution 22– 28 mm WC dhw storage vessel 15 mm basin bath 22 mm 15 mm 22 mm feed and storage cistern cold feed to dhw (vented system) 22– 28 mm fullway gatevalve or ballvalve doc dhw storage vessel supply main sink doc stop valve From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 89 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com washing machine basin WC service valve Indirect system of cold water supply Cold water systems

Hot and Cold Water Supplies screened air sleeved vent 350 mm vent min 25 mm mains supply insulation against frost 30 mm insulation mains supply lids to be fitted cold to cisterns distribution pipe Cold air gap filtered overflow and warning pipe 25 mm fullway gatevalves or quarter-turn ballvalve cold feed to dhw water feed and storage cistern filtered warning pipes filtered overflow pipes mains supply manifold cold distribution pipes washout pipe (38 mm min dia) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 91 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com coupling cisterns to allow one to be isolated Cold water storage screened air vents vent from dhw

Hot and Cold Water Supplies cover time controller for automatic regeneration service valves open Salt compartment lid salt level maintained by householder Softened water supply service valve closed on by-pass Drinking water supply prior to softener waste pipe check overflow valve Magnetic and chemical water conditioners Copper casing Zinc rings Base exchange water softener (complete removal of calcium salts) salts after treatment with electronic current Chemical water conditioner calcium carbonate binding together in untreated water, as viewed through a microscope Water treatment Magnetic water conditioner From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 93 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com doc stop valve galvanic cell water conditioner salts after (electric current produced by electrolytic Treatment with corrosion) chemicals

Hot and Cold Water Supplies Automatic air release drinking water header required where storage cistern is of a large capacity storage cistern pipeline level switch all cisterns fitted with lids, fly screens, etc. , to conform with Building delayed action ballvalve Regulations float switch supply to height of water pressure in main float switch to indicate low water hydropneumatic accumulator level pneumatic storage vessel break cistern duplicated pumps break cistern Pumping set using float swtches pressure gauge transducer or pressure switches Typical packaged pumping set From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 95 control box sensors to indicate low water Pumping Boosted water supplies Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com set using pressure sensing devices

Hot and Cold Water Supplies sprinkler heads distribution pipe range pipe riser pressure gauges alarm 19– 25 mm bore rubber hose guide 1. 2– 1. 7 m 25 mm supply operating instructions Sprinkler system automatic air release 100 mm minimum diameter 750 75– 100 mm mm Relief min discharge 64 mm pipe Landing valve Hose reel installation pressure relief valve Fusible link and glass bulb sprinkler heads Dry riser inlet fire brigade inlet supply to that above the supply main dry riser wet riser break cistern drain valve booster pumps mains supply fire brigade inlet Wet and dry risers From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 97 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Fire-fighting systems

Hot and Cold Water Supplies valve plug quarter-turn fullway valve (for air elimination and test purposes) 1” --- BSP thread 2 housing plug glass bulb sprinklers in loft deflector 1 st floor sprinklers Typical glass bulb sprinkler head ground floor sprinklers flow switch (to prevent false alarm due to surge) check valve drain valve quarter-turn fullway valve From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 99 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com 12 V demand stop valve supply mains to domestic draw-off points drain valve Domestic sprinkler system

Hot and Cold Water Supplies From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 100 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Hot and Cold Water Supplies vented system shown in which the water is heated either via a boiler, an electric immersion heater or gas circulator thermostat g. v. or quarterturn valve 20 amp heatproof flex flue immersion heater basin bath draught diverter sink Direct dhw cylinder (no heat exchanger coil) boiler doc vent pipe Gas storage heater magnesium anode cold inlet hot distribution pipe Instantaneous system sink (multi-point) Note: it is possible to have an unvented system of direct dhw supply baffle in flue doc burner Multi-point heater with the case removed From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 103 dipped cold feed gas supply Section through gas storage heater Direct hot water supply Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Hot and Cold Water Supplies f & e cistern cold feed cistern vent cold feed heat exchanger bath basin hot storage distribution vessel pipe primary return sink primary flow Indirect dhw cylinder (note heat exchanger coil) c. h. flow boiler secondary water trapped air in upper dome c. h. return doc Single feed cylinder primary water Vented double feed indirect System of hot water supply cold feed system filled (cold) system filling bath basin primary flow Vented single feed indirect System of hot water supply primary return sink boiler c. h. f & r From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 105 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Indirect hot water supply system once heated The expansion of the primary water is taken up by forcing the air from the upper dome to the lower dome

Hot and Cold Water Supplies test lever Check valve floating baffle Pressure reducing valve Combined pressure and temperature relief valve tundish and air gap discharge pipe mains water supply Unvented system using expansion vessel immersion with high Temperature cut out Unvented system incorporating an air pocket test lever temperature relief valve stop valve mains water supply Unvented system using Strainer a floating baffle Unvented system incorporating expansion vessel and primary circuit From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 107 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com to discharge pipe Pressure relief valve point to check and charge up the pressure rubber bag containing the expanding water high temperature cut out Sealed Selection of control valves found on unvented system As the water cools the air pressure forces the water out of the bag back into the system expansion vessel (system heated therefore bag shown full) Unvented domestic hot water supply

Hot and Cold Water Supplies open vent 450 mm pipe hot distribution pipe correct incorrect pump one pipe circulation (incorporating a 450 mm offset in taking place the rise of vent) secondary Connections to the top flow bath basin of the hot storage cylinder basin Secondary return Secondary circulation hydraulic gradient water at a state of rest with a ‘no flow’ condition sink drop in water levels water flowing from valve when tap opened Illustration to identify the hydraulic gradient From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 109 correct connection of tap All taps opened and a ‘no flow’ situation is indicated at tap ‘X’ (tap ‘X’ will only operate providing no other taps are open) Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Hot distribution pipework

Hot and Cold Water Supplies Rough comparison of time taken to warm water in cylinder based on a 17 k. W boiler and a 136 litre dhw storage vessel hot storage cylinder pump circulating primary flow head circulating head boiler primary return good heat recovery (say 2 h) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 111 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com excellent heat recovery Heat recovery period (say 1/2 h)

Hot and Cold Water Supplies basin flue outlet bath heat exchanger sink combustion chamber burner push rod pilot flame Venturi thermocouple Gas multi-point f & e cistern (optional built into unit) adjustable thermostatic mixing valve overflow c. h. flow and return hot cold water gas inlet outlet inlet expansion pressure differential chamber valve thermostatic valve boiler hot water outlet cold mains supply Combined primary storage unit (CPSU) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 113 to hot taps dipped cold feed flow and return to c. h. Water jacketed tube heater Instantaneous domestic hot water supplies Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com to cold taps cold mains supply

Hot and Cold Water Supplies Single point gas water heater View inside a small electric single point heater electrical element immersion heater electrical supply thermostat hot outlet as inlet outlet used above controlled on appliance section through an electric single point storage water heater instantaneous water heater cold specialised design of tap supply to allow for the expansion of to tap water from the storage heater when installed below the appliance Localised hot water heaters From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 115 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com permanently open hot supply and vent cold supply to heater

Hot and Cold Water Supplies radiant heat from sun solar collector air release pressure gauge pressure relief valve gravity check valve air space temporary filling connection double glazed cover warm store vessel double check valve A vents expansion vessel doc thermal insulation outlet collector box dhw hot storage cylinder primary Circuit to boiler hot distribution pipe section A–A thermal insulation A Typical flat plate collector 7 From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 117 Solar hot water system Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Solar panel

Hot and Cold Water Supplies cold feed connection to dhw to be above the cold supply to the shower to prevent scalding 1 m minimum alternative connection ‘Essex’ flange used shower mixing valve separate distribution pipes to shower Storage fed shower hot and cold distribution to all other appliances 150 mm flow switch strainer resilient mounting separate vent single impeller Installation of shower booster pumps booster pump check valve 300 min bidet double impeller booster pump flexible connections separate hot and cold distribution pipes air gap maintained Shower booster pump Bidet with submersible nozzle Connections to bidets From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 119 to remaining hot and cold supplies Connections to hot and cold pipework Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Over-the-rim type bidet supply main

Hot and Cold Water Supplies backplate threaded studding screw on holderbat (school board clip) plastic spacing clip double split munzing ring L 4 Typical pipe supports H 8 0. 07 L two piece spacing clip saddle clip single split munzing ring H L 4 H 8 0. 4 L L centre of bearing complete air blockage cistern trapped air Selection of typical pipe clips used on copper and steel pipework partial blockage of trapped air hot storage cylinder Common causes of air locks From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 121 Installation of pipework 1 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Hot and Cold Water Supplies removable cover floor screed Pipes below solid floors cover duct concrete base this method may only be adopted where no joints are enclosed and the pipe can readily be withdrawn Pipes below timber floors boards must be removable for inspection of joints and in all cases inspection available at 2 m intervals Pipes under floors cover pipe screwed to stud with resilient mounting timber stud wall sleeve e. g. larger pipe plaster or tile finish pipe in chase removable cover Pipes within walls only permitted in an internal wall where the pipe can be capped off should a leak become apparent insulation (if required) removal cover bath Pipes located behind a bath From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 123 Installation of pipework 2 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Hot and Cold Water Supplies 4. 0 cold storage cistern main distribution pipe 3. 0 WC bath 7 m basin 2. 0 WC 3 m 2 m 1. 0 Loading units Litres per second 1. 5 3 m 3 m 0. 5 3 m appliances at each floor to be the same as those on the highest level 0. 4 0. 3 Conversion table (loading units to litres/sec) 3 m From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 125 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Pipe sizing of hot and cold pipework

Hot and Cold Water Supplies Flow rate (litres per second) Pipe sizing of hot and cold pipework (Reproduced with permission of The Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 127 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Hot and Cold Water Supplies rapid up and down ball float movement damping plate fitted to prevent any waves forming; alternatively fit a larger ballfloat metal plate required on plastic cisterns to prevent the cistern wall vibrating oscillation type noise valve to permit vessel to be charged charge of air should a pressure surge occur the shock wave is taken up by the cushion of air tap washer oscillation cavitation scale build up air boiler wall hydropneumatic accumulator Flexible connections to reduce noise from booster pump trapped air within boiler sufficient slot size Noise transmission in pipework From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 129 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com felt underlay fitted to notch

Hot and Cold Water Supplies pipe blanked off with fitting to allow air to be removed open ends blanked off pressure gauge operating handle isolating valve drain valve flow meter Hydraulic pressure testing Test for water pressure and flow Pressure and flow test equipment pressure gauge Labels secured to valves as necessary From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 131 Commissioning of hot and cold supplies Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Hot and Cold Water Supplies temporary supply system to be disinfected type AA air gap pump check valve cistern temporary connection Temporary connection for dosing mains supplies From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 133 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com supply pipe

Hot and Cold Water Supplies Operative taking water flow, pressure and temperature measurements From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 135 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com