History of Navigation Aerospace Engineering 2011 Project Lead

History of Navigation Aerospace Engineering © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

Navigation History Observation – Observe fixed objects around us • One drives toward a mountain or building close to a destination • Setting sun indicates westerly direction – What direction does the sun set in Australia?

Navigation History Maps – Objects are plotted on paper to represent the earth’s surface as seen from above – Imaginary lines, latitude and longitude, make a grid to describe where something is located – Latitude lines run east-west and measure north-south – Longitude lines run north-south and measure east-west Lines of Latitude Lines of Longitude

Navigation History Compass – Magnetized piece of iron aligns to earth’s magnetic field – Magnet points to magnetic north – Magnetic north is not the same as true north Aligns with Magnetic Iron Bar Earth’s Magnetic Field

Navigation History Ocean Passage – Dead reckoning using time and velocity – Sextant measures angular altitude of star above horizon – Walker log dragged behind boat to indicate speed in knots (nautical miles per hour)

Navigation History Early pilots navigated by sight – Routes set up as a chain of visual towers – Requires line of sight from aircraft to tower – Clouds, haze, dust, etc. obscure vision Chain of Towers

Navigation History Radio Navigation – LORAN-C • LOng RAnge Navigation – NDB • Non-Directional Beacon – ILS • Instrument Landing System – VOR • Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range – GPS • Global Positioning System

LORAN – Long Range Navigation • • LOng RAnge Navigation LORAN-C is no longer used Was designed for maritime navigation Was a supplement to aerial navigation

NDB – Non Directional Beacon • Measures clockwise angle between airplane longitudinal direction (airplane pointing) and NDB • Oldest electronic navigation still used • Can be used at lower altitude than VOR • Aircraft instrument: Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

VOR - Very High Frequency Omni. Directional Range • Shows aircraft’s position relative to VOR radial • Very commonly used in aircraft

ILS – Instrument Landing System Navigation aid to guide aircraft to runway

GPS – Global Positioning System • U. S. space-based radio-navigation system • Provides three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus time • Components – Satellites orbiting Earth – Control and monitoring stations on Earth – GPS receivers owned by users

References Bartlett, T. (2009). The book of navigation. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http: //www. faa. gov/ i. Stockphoto. Retrieved from http: //www. istockphoto. com/stock-photo 5975040 -woman-using-a-gps. php Munns, H. (1991). Unlocking the chart’s secrets. In Cruising fundamentals (p 81). Marina Del Ray, CA: American Sailing Association and International Marine.

References National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009). Retrieved from http: //www. nasa. gov/ National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (2009). Retrieved from http: //pnt. gov/ National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Coordination Office (2009). Global Positioning System Retrieved from http: //www. gps. gov/

References Jeppesen (2007). Navigation (2007). In Jeppesen Private pilot: Guided flight discovery (pp. 9 -20 – 9 -46). Englewood, CO: Jeppesen United States Coast Guard (2009). LORAN-C general information. Retrieved from http: //www. navcen. uscg. gov/loran/