Grade 10 Grammar Notes Eight Parts of Speech

Grade 10 Grammar Notes Eight Parts of Speech Clause and simple sentence AVHS English Department

The Eight Parts of Speech • • PRONOUN ADJECTIVE VERB ADVERB PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERJECTION

PRONOUN - a word which takes the place of a noun. Its antecedent is a noun. EX. : The door broke. It should be fixed. ("door" is the antecedent of "it") Types of pronouns: – Personal: I/me, you, she/her, he/him, it, we/us, they/them (subj. /obj) – Demonstrative: this/that , these/those – Relative: who which that (act as conjunctions) – Intensive: I myself make mistakes occasionally – Reflexive: He told himself to slow down – Indefinite: either/anyone/someone/everybody/both/each/one etc, – Interrogative: who/whom, whose which (when asking a question)

NOUN 1) a "thing", in its concrete or abstract sense 2) person, place, thing / idea, quality, emotion 3) always a "subject" or "object" 4) forms plurals (usually with -s or -es) 5) often preceded by adjectives (incl. "the" and "a")

ADJECTIVE modifies (i. e. describes or limits) a noun. Ex. The big cat is dangerous.

VERB 1)shows action (except the verb "to be") 2) always forms a tense (past-present-future) 3) always has a "subject"

ADVERB a) modifies a verb by showing the manner time or place of the verb's action. Asking how-when -where? of the verb will lead you to adverbs. Ex. Yesterday, the birds sang sweetly here. b) also, modifies another adverb or an adjective. Such adverbs are sometimes called intensifiers. Ex. That very black cat screamed rather loudly last night.

PREPOSITION - a word which shows a relation between a) the noun (or pron. ) which always follows it and b) some other noun or verb in the sentence. Ex. The man in the street shouted at the sailor. The combination of the preposition followed by a noun is called a "prepositional phrase". Prepositional phrases always act like oversized adjectives or adverbs. Ex. a) in the street - prep. adj. phrase (modifies "man") b) at the sailor - prep. adv. phrase (modifies "shouted") Some common prepositions: in/after/through/with/over/under/by/of/at/for/into

CONJUNCTION There are two types: 1)COORDINATE - and / but / or / for It always joins 2 parts of speech or 2 phrases or 2 clauses of the same type (co = equal) Ex. The girl and her cat stared and sighed through the evening and into the night, but they seemed quite happy nonetheless. 2) SUBORDINATE - only joins clauses, making one sentence out of two. The subordinate conj. (unlike the coord. conj. ) makes the clause that it starts subordinate to the one it attaches to. Some common sub. conjunctions: because/when/ where/before/that/until/unless/except/than/as/if/although Ex. The dog barked. It was hungry. (2 sentences) The dog barked because it was hungry. (2 clauses, 1 sentence) The clause beginning with "because" is subordinate to the opening clause; it needs the opening clause to make sense. The subordinate conjunction is additional meaning and always forms the first word in a subordinate clause.

INTERJECTION -a word which is interjected (i. e. "thrown in") to a sentence without any connection to the rest of the words. It is often for emphasis and so may be accompanied by an exclamation mark. Example: Hey! are you listening? – Shucks, it warn't nothin'. – Well, I'll think of something.

CLAUSE and SIMPLE SENTENCE A clause is a group of words centered around a subject (noun or pronoun)+ Verb. A single such group of words makes a "simple" sentence.