FUNGI 1 Million Species Known Agents of Decomposition

FUNGI: > 1 Million Species Known

Agents of Decomposition • Saprophytes • Detritivores 16

MUSHROOMS 1 3 2

MOLD 10 29

MILDEW 29 28

RUST 12 13

BLIGHT 30 (Chestnut) 31 34

BLIGHT 29 30

BARK BEETLES – FUNGI 61 60 59

DISEASE: Athlete’s Foot 62 63

DISEASE: Histoplasmosis

DISEASE: Valley Fever 49 47 48

9 DISEASE: Keratin Parasites 8

POISONS: Amanita 46

Morels Portabello Mushrooms 35 36

YEAST 4 5

BLUE CHEESE: Penicillium 58 57

ANTIBIOTICS 38 37

Hallucinogens 45 43 Psilocybe Mushrooms

MYCORRHIZAE 6

Ectomycorrhizae 24

Endomycorrhizae (e. g. , Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae)

LICHENS 26 27

LICHENS 28

18

WHAT IS A FUNGUS? 14

UNICELLULAR 51 HYPHA 50 DIMORPHIC 52

Mycelium 15

RHIZOMORPH 17

Sporocarp 14

SPOROCARP: Pilobolus 65 64

Septate versus Non-Septate Hyphae 21

SEPTATE HYPHA: PORES 22

52 25 CELL WALL: Chitin

NUTRITION: Heterotrophy 53

NUTRITION: Exoenzymes 19

NUTRITION: Exoenzymes

Saprophytes/Detritivores 39

Mutualism: Mycorrhizae 20

Mutualism: Lichens 55 56

Exploitation: Parasitism 54

Exploitation: Predation 40

FUNGAL LIFE CYCLES

Closed Mitosis

SEXUAL LIFE CYCLE 41

Plasmogamy of Haploid Hyphae 41

Dikaryotic Phase 41

Karyogamy to form Diploid Zygote 41

Meiosis to Form Haploid Spores 41

HYPOTHESIS OF EUKARYOTIC PHYLOGENY (Based on cladistic analysis of r. RNA sequence data) Slime Molds Water Molds True Fungi Animals ? ?

Opisthokont Flagella 44 Chytrid Fungus Human Sperm 43

1 http: //www. evergreen. edu/mushrooms/mtsm/25. jpg 2 http: //www. geocities. com/kitonka/Mushroom. Mania/photos/coprinus. jpg 3 http: //jhearst. typepad. com/photos/nature/fungus. jpg 4 http: //emtech. jp/photo/LPhoto/1987_2. jpg 5 http: //www. oklahomafood. coop/shop/members/getimage. php? image_id=481 7 http: //www. biologyreference. com/images/biol_03_img 0306. jpg 8 http: //bama. ua. edu/~chytrid/images/clip_image 003. jpg 9 http: //www. saveafrog. org/images/fungus_main_pic. jpg 10 http: //treediseases. coafes. umn. edu/image/Bread%20 mold. JPG 11 http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/ Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/fungi/img 001. jpg

12 http: //www. ent. iastate. edu/images/plantpath/wheat/leafrust/wheat_stem_ rust_on_leaves. jpg 13 http: //www. oznet. k-state. edu/path-ext/fact. Sheets/Wheatimages/ wheats 1. jpg 14 Fig. 31. 2 in Campbell and Reece. 2005. Biology, 7 th Edition. Benjamin Cummings, New York. 15 Fig. 29. 2 in Brooker et al. 2008. Biology. Mc. Graw Hill, Dubuque, IA 16 http: //www. minnesotabucks. com/images/BMWEades. Brown. Elk. Skull. jpg 17 http: //www. ipm. iastate. edu/ipm/hortnews/files/images/mycelium-onleaf-litter-tif. jpg 18 Fig. 30. 7 in Raven et al. 2005. Biology, 7 th edition. Mc. Graw Hill, Dubuque, IA.

19 Fig. 29. 5 in Brooker et al. 2008. Biology. Mc. Graw Hill, Dubuque, IA 20 Fig. 31. 4 in Campbell and Reece. 2005. Biology, 7 th edition. Benjamin Cummings, New York, NY. 21 Fig. 31. 3 in Campbell and Reece. 2005. Biology, 7 th edition. Benjamin Cummings, New York, NY. 22 Fig. 29. 6 in Brooker et al. 2008. Biology. Mc. Graw Hill, Dubuque, IA 23 http: //k 43. pbase. com/u 37/andesheng/large/23808405. 61. jpg 24 http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/chitin. jpg 25 http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/chitin. jpg 26 http: //csa. springbranchisd. com/clark 1 e/leafy%20 lichen. jpg 27 http: //www. adventurist. net/trips/e-rock_04 -2001/gallery_12 -04/lichen-3. jpg

28 http: //nhym-alumni. org/var/NHYM-Alumni/storage/images/multimedia/ starr_bathroom/431 -1 -eng-US/starr_bathroom_imagelarge. jpg 29 http: //www. elmpost. org/chestnut. htm 31 http: //meltonrossnewbarnetby. co. uk/images/sweet_chestnut. jpg 32 http: //www. news. cornell. edu/releases/Nov 01/C. p. EP 155 plate-high. 72. jpg 33 http: //chestnut. cas. psu. edu/images/Misc-TACF/BLIGHT. jpg 34 http: //www. columbia. edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/ inv_spp_summ/Chestnut_range. gif 35 http: //pkaminski. homestead. com/files/Morels_bunch_2_L. jpg 36 http: //www. fcs. uga. edu/hace/gafacts/mushroom/images/portabello_small. jpg 37 http: //www. accessexcellence. org/AE/AEC/CC/images/s 5. gif 38 http: //www. uoguelph. ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/penmic 1. jpg

39 http: //www. whoaphotos. com/blog/dead-rabbit. jpg 40 http: //ucdnema. ucdavis. edu/imagemap/nemmap/ent 156 html/slides/ from. CD/1939/14 B. GIF 41 Fig. 31. 5 in Campbell and Reece. 2005. Biology, 7 th edition. Benjamin Cummings, New York, NY 42 Fig. 30. 11 in Raven and Johnson. 2006. Biology, 7 th edition. Mc. Graw Hill, Dubuque, IA 43 http: //mush-e-mart. com/images/Growbox_Psilocybe_Cubensis%20_% 20 mush-e-mart. jpg 44 http: //bama. ua. edu/~chytrid/images/clip_image 003. jpg 45 http: //www. ucl. ac. uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics 1 -04 m. jpg 46 http: //129. 215. 156. 68/cdrom/amanita. jpg 47 http: //www. residentandstaff. com/files/Article. Files/RSP_24_figs. gif

48 http: //www. world-of-fungi. org/Mostly_Medical/Pam_Appleby/pics/ c. immitis%20 dissemination%20 from%20 lungs. jpg 49 http: //marvistavet. com/assets/images/North_America_coccidiomycosis. gif 50 http: //bugs. bio. usyd. edu. au/Mycology/images/Topics/Structure. Function/ stained. Hyphae. jpg 51 http: //comenius. susqu. edu/bi/202/Fungi/Ascomycota/saccharomyces-bath. gif 52 http: //www. apsnet. org/education/Illustrated. Glossary/Photos. E-H/hypha. jpg 53 http: //sandycreekfarm 150. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ beautiful-shrooms. jpg 54 http: //www. hainaultforest. co. uk/PCarmillaria%20 mellea. JPG 55 http: //www. plantpath. iastate. edu/pdc/files/Image/lichen%20 on%20 red %20 cedar%20 copy. jpg 56 http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/images/soredia. gif 57 http: //www. botany. hawaii. edu/faculty/wong/BOT 135/Lect 03_a. htm

58 http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/f/f 6/Blue_Stilton_ Penicillium. jpg 59 http: //www. fs. fed. us/r 3/resources/health/field-guide/images/large/sdsf 204 -large. jpg 60 http: //www. pc. gc. ca/docs/v-g/dpp-mpb/images/Fungi-in-wing-pits. jpg 61 http: //www. watertalk. org/wawa/beetle/images/microbee-sm. jpg 62 http: //content. revolutionhealth. com/contentimages/images-image_popupsn 7_athletesfoot. jpg 63 http: //photography. nationalgeographic. com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/ Static. Files/Photography/Images/POD/a/athletes-foot-fungus-522312 -lw. jpg 64 http: //io. uwinnipeg. ca/~simmons/16 cm 05/1116/31 -08 -Pilobolus. jpg 65 http: //bio 1151. nicerweb. com/Locked/media/ch 31/31_13 Pilobolus Sporangia. jpg