Effects of Gender on Parental Attitudes Toward Punishment

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Effects of Gender on Parental Attitudes Toward Punishment of Children By Lindsay Ludwig and

Effects of Gender on Parental Attitudes Toward Punishment of Children By Lindsay Ludwig and Amanda Nocton Hanover College

Parental gender and spanking Parents punish child of same sex more: Rothbart and Maccoby

Parental gender and spanking Parents punish child of same sex more: Rothbart and Maccoby (1966) Herzberger and Tennen (1985) Parents show no difference in discipline: Holden, Miller, and Harris (1999) Lytton and Romney (1991) 2

Child gender and punishment Boys punished more often: Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) Bezirganian and

Child gender and punishment Boys punished more often: Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) Bezirganian and Cohen (1992) 3

Research question Is there a difference in type of punishment enforced by parents based

Research question Is there a difference in type of punishment enforced by parents based on both parental gender and child gender? How does the type of infraction influence the punishment received? Flynn (1998) 4

Hypotheses There will be a gender difference. Explore effects of gender of parents across

Hypotheses There will be a gender difference. Explore effects of gender of parents across types of punishment. Male children will receive harsher punishments than their female counterparts. When a child’s infractions cause harm to themselves or others they will receive more punishment than if their infractions reflect general disrespect. 5

Variables Two independent variables of gender (2 levels each—male and female): Gender of participant

Variables Two independent variables of gender (2 levels each—male and female): Gender of participant Gender of child (manipulated) Type of infraction (IV) Type of punishment (DV) 6

Method Online study Informed Consent Demographics Instructions/scenario List of infractions and punishments Debriefing form

Method Online study Informed Consent Demographics Instructions/scenario List of infractions and punishments Debriefing form 7

Instructions that participants received Suppose that you have an 8 -year-old son/daughter who commits

Instructions that participants received Suppose that you have an 8 -year-old son/daughter who commits each of the following infractions after having been warned previously not to. Choose the likelihood that you would use each of the punishments from 0 -3 (o not at all, 1 maybe, 2 probably, 3 definitely). Please be sure to assign a number for each punishment under every infraction. 8

Example of Survey Harm to others Harm to self Disrespect Removal of Verbal privilege

Example of Survey Harm to others Harm to self Disrespect Removal of Verbal privilege (i. e. no reprimand TV, dessert…) Spanking 0 -3 0 -3 0 -3 9

Participants Recruitment Criteria for deletion Total N=224 Male N=61 Female N=163 Parent? Yes N=103

Participants Recruitment Criteria for deletion Total N=224 Male N=61 Female N=163 Parent? Yes N=103 No N=121 10

Nature of Analysis 2 (gender of participant) x 2 (gender of child) x 3

Nature of Analysis 2 (gender of participant) x 2 (gender of child) x 3 (type of punishment) x 9 (type of infraction) mixed ANOVA Between-subjects Within-subjects 11

Mean use of punishment by parents Punishment 3. 00 2. 63 2. 50 2.

Mean use of punishment by parents Punishment 3. 00 2. 63 2. 50 2. 00 1. 60 1. 50 1. 00 0. 73 0. 50 0. 00 Verbal Reprimand Removal of Privilege Punishment type Spanking 12

Punishment by parent gender Mean likelihood of punishment 3. 00 2. 50 2. 72

Punishment by parent gender Mean likelihood of punishment 3. 00 2. 50 2. 72 2. 53 2. 00 1. 61 1. 60 1. 50 Female Male 0. 91 1. 00 0. 46 0. 50 0. 00 Verbal Reprimand Removal of Privilege Type of punishment Spanking 13

Child gender and infraction 2. 50 Mean Punishment 2. 00 2. 02 1. 77

Child gender and infraction 2. 50 Mean Punishment 2. 00 2. 02 1. 77 1. 50 1. 61 1. 36 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 Bullying Not wearing a seatbelt Type of Infraction 14

Infractions by order of most to least punished Type of infraction Mean Lying Bullying

Infractions by order of most to least punished Type of infraction Mean Lying Bullying Hitting Talking Back Ignoring a request Running into the street Not wearing a seatbelt Talking to a stranger Teasing 1. 96 a 1. 90 ab 1. 76 bc 1. 64 cd 1. 60 cd 1. 49 de 1. 39 e 1. 37 e 15

Discussion Exploration of parent gender. Evidence is mixed, fathers more likely to spank, mothers

Discussion Exploration of parent gender. Evidence is mixed, fathers more likely to spank, mothers more likely to verbally reprimand Maintaining gender roles Negative implications Hypothesis 2 looked at child gender. Was mostly supported, two infractions were significant Weaker than expected Hypothesis 3 dealt with infraction Was not supported 16

Discussion cont. Limitations: Child gender Self-report Future Research: Bullying and teasing Lying 17

Discussion cont. Limitations: Child gender Self-report Future Research: Bullying and teasing Lying 17

Questions? ? ? 18

Questions? ? ? 18

Mean use of verbal reprimand Significant female use of verbal reprimand by infraction 3.

Mean use of verbal reprimand Significant female use of verbal reprimand by infraction 3. 00 2. 50 2. 77 2. 45 2. 66 2. 82 2. 50 2. 25 2. 00 1. 50 Male Female 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 Hitting a sibling Teasing a classmate Type of infraction Not wearing a seatbelt 19

Significant male use of spanking by infraction Mean use of spanking 1. 60 1.

Significant male use of spanking by infraction Mean use of spanking 1. 60 1. 37 1. 40 1. 22 1. 07 1. 00 0. 79 0. 80 0. 60 1. 21 0. 77 0. 53 0. 40 0. 73 Male Female 0. 34 0. 20 0. 00 Hitting a sibling Talking back Bullying a Lying classmate Type of infraction Talking to a stranger 20

Effect of parenthood on punishment Mean Overall Punishment 1. 75 1. 73 1. 70

Effect of parenthood on punishment Mean Overall Punishment 1. 75 1. 73 1. 70 1. 65 1. 60 1. 58 1. 55 1. 50 Yes Parent? No 21

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