Early Mississippi History Mississippi has a deep history
- Slides: 21
Early Mississippi History • Mississippi has a deep history of Native Americans • Many of our cities and counties have Native American names • Even the name Mississippi is derived from Indian words meaning Great River
Prehistoric Cultures • Paleo Culture 10, 000 B. C. – 8, 000 B. C. • Archaic Culture 8, 000 B. C. – 500 B. C. • Woodland Culture 500 B. C. – 1, 000 A. D. • Mississippian Culture 1, 000 A. D. – 1, 600 A. D.
Early Mississippi History • Paleo Indians were the first people in Mississippi • It is believed they crossed the land bridge connecting Alaska and Russia • Mounds are the most visible legacy of the Native Americans • Uses: religious temples, homes, and burials • Emerald Mound in Mississippi is the 2 nd largest in the US • Most Native Americans live in clans • Clan – is a group of people who are related to each other
Early Native Americans • Paleo – Ice Age – Earliest Americans crossed land bridge from Siberia into Alaska (and downward from there)
Early Native Americans • Archaic – Climate warmer and drier – Native Americans adjusted to climate and became less nomadic • Woodland – Highly organized societies in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys developed – Built burial mounds over tombs – Moundbuilders – lived alongside rivers and streams (see slides below) – Villages grew larger and tied together politically – Used bow and arrow
Mississippian • built religious buildings and the homes of chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular mounds • Choctaw connect their early history with a mound called Nanih Waiya [Na’-na Wai’-a] along the Pearl River in southeastern Winston County
In Natchez
The Temple Mound at Winterville
Mound sites in Mississippi • • • Bear Creek Pharr Owl Creek Bynum Winterville Jaketown Nanih Waiya Pocahontas Boyd Emerald Grand Village
Mississippi Tribes (tribes in red indicate the larger tribes) • CHICKASAW (north Mississippi) • TAPOSA • CHAKCHIUMA • IBITOUPA • TIOU • YAZOO • HOUMA • KOROA • TUNICA • NATCHEZ (south Mississippi) • CHOCTAW (central Mississippi) • ACOLAPISSA • BILOXI • PASCAGOULA
CHOCTAW • Connect early history with Nanih Waiya (Winston County) • Had 25 to 30 villages and each person had a voice in government • Major crop: maize (corn) • One of three largest tribes • The only major visible tribe in Mississippi today • (Choctaw Code Talkers – Choctaw nation – not just Mississippi) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 Y 0 mm. Vxxr 3 w
NATCHEZ • “Great Sun” chief lived on top of mound here • Major crop: maize (corn) • One of three largest tribes • http: //www. wlbt. com/story/15279745/emeraldmound-in-natchez
CHICKASAW • Major crop: maize (corn) • One of three largest tribes
MISSISSIPPIAN NATIVE AMERICANS • • • Smaller tribes: Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, Biloxi Larger tribes: Chickasaw, Choctaw, Natchez Major crop: maize (corn) Well organized and had developed ways of life that fit into environment (HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION) Each village included several clans (groups of related families) • Punished criminals • Protected individuals from violence Exogamy: practice of marrying outside the clan Polygyny: having more than one wife (occasionally, a man in tribe had two wives) Built villages close to streams/creeks Religious beliefs: centered on sun and the sacred fires (represented sun on Earth); believed in many spirits associated with nature and animals
SPANISH EXPLORERS • First to visit MS • (1539 -1542) Hernando de Soto explored area searching for gold and silver • Attacked north of Mobile by Native Americans but NA did not know how to fight soldiers so were defeated • Introduced horses/hogs to America • MAIN OUTCOME: diseases spread from Spanish to Native Americans who had no immunity to them • Repeatedly attacked by Native Americans • Reached Gulf of Mexico and sailed to Mexico • Never returned
FRENCH EXPLORERS • Visited MS after Spaniards • Originally settled in Quebec, Canada and explored from there • 1673: Louis Jolliet (trader) and Father Jacques Marquette (missionary) sailed down MS River and reached presentday site Rosedale, MS • Turned around when they realized that river flowed into Gulf and not Pacific Ocean • 1682: Rene Cavelier, de La Salle, Henri de Tonti, and Father Membre traveled down MS River and claimed region for France • From 1699 to 1763, the future state of Mississippi was a part of the French colony of Louisiana. • During these years, the French explored the region, established settlements and military outposts, engaged in political and economic relations with the area’s American Indians, and sought to establish a profitable economy • Fort Maurepas – first permanent settlement in MS
French: built Fort Rosalie in 1716 (Natchez)
BRITISH MISSISSIPPI • MS officially part of province West Florida (1763) (included southern halves of Alabama and MS as well as parts of Florida) • 1783 Treaty of Paris (between US and Great Britain…peace treaty of Revolutionary War): US controlled southern boundary at 31 degrees north latitude • Spain held territory south of that line (refused to give up Natchez District which was north of line) • Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) in 1795 in which it recognized the 31 st parallel as the boundary between Spanish Florida and the United States.
SETTLEMENTS • Spain, England, and France established colonial settlements in eastern North America • First European settlement in MS – Ocean Springs • Mississippi ruled first by French, then English, and finally Spain • Mississippi Territory - after centuries of control by several European powers, the land that would become Mississippi became a part of the United States at the close of the 18 th century… April 7, 1798, Congress created the Mississippi Territory
Mississippi Territory • Most Europeans living in the territory lived along the MS River • Natchez was the capital of the territory • By 1817 the Mississippi Territory applied for statehood • However the US Congress did not want to allow it to be a state because it was too large • As a result they split the territory • December 10, 1817 MS became the 20 th state of the US
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