Dream as if youll live forever live as

“Dream as if you’ll live forever, live as if you’ll die today. ” - James Dean The international telephone dialing code for Antarctica is “ 672. ”

The Development of Parliamentary Democracy

England 12/17/2021 3

n What is a Parliamentary Democracy? Parliamentary democracy: government is appointed by parliamentary representatives as opposed to a ‘presidential rule’ by decree dictatorship. n Under a parliamentary democracy government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people. n “Where there is no counsel the people fall but in the multitude of counselors their is safety. ” 12/17/2021 4

Magna Carta Kings following William the Conqueror gained even more power as time passed. New power came from acquisition of new lands, mainly in France. By about 1200 the power of the English king started to worry some nobles. They feared kings would abuse their powers. Nobles’ Concerns New Rights • Nobles concerned their rights would be taken away. 1215, concerns reached crisis point under King John • Rebellious nobles forced John to accept document outlining their rights, Magna Carta • John caught in war with France, lost almost all of England’s French holdings • Restricted king’s power; even kings not above the law • Tried to raise money with new tax on nobility. Nobles refused tax, took up arms against king 12/17/2021 • King had to obtain consent of nobles before raising taxes • Ended king’s ability to arrest, punish people without cause or take property illegally 5

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Parliament Dissatisfaction n Magna Carta addressed many concerns, but some nobles still not satisfied n King constantly asked for approval to raise taxes of which they disapproved n 1260 s, nobles began another rebellion to obtain say in how kingdom was run Parliament n As part of agreement to end rebellion, king agreed to meet with members of nobility, clergy, middle class to discuss key issues facing country n Resulting council developed into English governing body, Parliament Powers n For several years the powers of Parliament remained undefined n Edward I one of first kings to clarify role of Parliament, work effectively with governing body 12/17/2021 7

Central Government Strengthened 1295, Parliament summoned by Edward I included nobles, clergy, representatives from every English county, town n Had power to create new taxes, advise king on lawmaking, royal policy n Edward I strengthened England’s central government, reformed system of laws n Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening monarchy, not limiting it; kept Parliament in secondary role to power of king 12/17/2021 8

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Question: How did Magna Carta and Parliament change the English monarchy? Answer(s): reduced the king's power, formed a council (Parliament) that would create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking 12/17/2021 11

Wars of the Roses (1455 -1487) No end of fighting n Shortly after peace with France (100 Years War, 1453) two families began war over English throne n Lancasters, used rose as emblem; Yorks, used white rose as emblem n Conflict became known as Wars of the Roses Yorkist victories n Yorkists successful early; Edward IV took throne, 1461 n Won significant victories over Lancastrians n Trouble began after Edward’s death Richard III n Edward’s sons disappeared after his death; brother, Richard III, crowned king n Richard faced number of uprisings; killed in battle of Bosworth Field, 1485 n Tudor Henry VII claimed throne, neither York nor Lancaster; new era began 12/17/2021 12

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Richard III 12/17/2021 15

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The Wars of the Roses (14551487) York 12/17/2021 Lancaster 17

The Tudors: Henry VII 12/17/2021 n First Tudor Monarch: Henry VII. 1457 -1509, R. 1485 -1509. n He helped to rebuild England’s commercial prosperity, encouraged the expansion of foreign trade, improved collection of taxes, and used diplomacy to avoid war. 18

The Wars of the Roses (14551487) Tudor 12/17/2021 19

The Tudors: Henry VIII 12/17/2021 n Second and most powerful Tudor monarch. 1491 -1547, R. 1509 -1547. n Unlike his father, Henry VII, he fought wars and increased England’s naval power. n His personal life (his 6 wives), created a path that would throw England into political and religious turmoil. 20

Henry’s Heirs • Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI - 1547, took throne, age 9 • Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians • Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England Bloody Mary Elizabeth’s Reign • Mary (1516 -1558, R 1553 -1558) returned • Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart England to authority of pope • 100 s burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” • 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome • Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne • Married Philip II of Spain despite public opposition (feared Spanish control). She • Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured died with no heir to the English Throne. Church of England 12/17/2021 Elizabeth became queen 21 • Half-sister

Jane Seymour 12/17/2021 22

Tudors: Edward VI and Mary I 12/17/2021 23

Philip II 12/17/2021 24

Rise of Elizabeth I and the Balance of Power. 12/17/2021 25

Elizabeth I n n n Became Queen in 1558 at the age of 25 and reigned until 1603. Shrewd, highly intelligent, and had a forceful personality. Although her personality lead to clashes with Parliament, she used her power for the good of her people. Her reign was a great cultural period for England (William Shakespeare, etc. ). She never married because she feared that a foreign prince would endanger England, and she did not want to create jealousy among the English nobles. 12/17/2021 26

Shakespeare and the Globe Theatre 12/17/2021 27

Elizabeth and the Government n She was assisted by a council of nobles in matters of royal proclamations, foreign relations, administration of justice, and the regulation of prices and wages. n Parliament at this time did not have the power to enact legislation and served as an advisory role, however, Elizabeth still needed their approval before new tax laws were created. n The Queen’s law was enforced by unpaid volunteers known as the Justices of the Peace. Their voluntary participation in support of the government was a key to its success. 12/17/2021 28

Elizabeth I and the Balance of n By the time Elizabeth was in power, England Power had lost all of its European possessions, and France had become too powerful to defeat. n With its enormous debt and security concerns, England turned to the English Channel, its strong navy, and the development of the Balance of Power to protect itself. 12/17/2021 29

Elizabeth I and the Balance of n Balance of Power refers to the system in which Power each nation helps to keep peace and order by maintaining power that is equal to, or in balance with, rival nations. n If one nation becomes more powerful than the other, a 3 rd nation can reestablish the balance by supporting the 2 nd nation. n England functioned as the balancing power during Elizabeth’s reign. 12/17/2021 30

Conflict with the Balance of Power: The Battle of Gravelines, 1588 12/17/2021 31

Conflict with the Balance of Power: The Battle of Gravelines, 1588 n Philip II decided to invade England due to its support of the Netherlands rebelling against Spanish rule. n In May 1588, the Spanish Armada (130 ships and 33, 000 men) set sail to invade England. n The English had faster, more maneuverable ships and longer-range cannons. 12/17/2021 32

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Conflict with the Balance of Power: The Battle of Gravelines, 1588 n When the Spanish ran out of ammunition for their cannons, they were forced to flee to the North Sea where many sank on the rocky coasts. n The defeat of the Armada not only stopped Philip’s plan to invade England, it also was the beginning of the end of Spain’s sea power. 12/17/2021 34

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Why Was the Balance of Power n Important? It was an effective means of maintaining peace within Europe. n The threat of England becoming involved in war or invaded was greatly diminished. n It provided the opportunity for England to stabilize its position in the world. 12/17/2021 37

The Wars of the Roses (14551487) 12/17/2021 38

Designing a Crest 12/17/2021 39