Consciousness sleep and dreaming Psychoactive drugs Meditation and

• Consciousness, sleep, and dreaming • Psychoactive drugs • Meditation and hypnosis © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Things You’ll Learn in Chapter 5 Q 1 Can getting too little sleep increase your risk of getting a cold? Q 2 Can using a computer or i. Pad late at night make it harder to fall asleep? Q 3 Are you addicted to Facebook? Q 4 Can using marijuana decrease your IQ? Q 5 Can hypnosis decrease the pain of childbirth? © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

CONSCIOUSNESS, SLEEP, AND DREAMING © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is Consciousness? • Consciousness = awareness of internal events and of the external environment • Remember selective attention (Chapter 4)? – Controlling consciousness through deliberate concentration and full concentration • Alternate state of consciousness = any mental state different from ordinary waking consciousness – Sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Divided attention: texting and driving © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Circadian Rhythms • 24 -hour biological clock • Changes in alertness, body temperature, moods, blood pressure, pulse, and others • Peak in the middle of the day; low point at night • SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) perceives darkness, signals pineal gland to release melatonin © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sleep challenges for teenagers • Teens experience a natural shift in the timing of circadian rhythms during puberty (Carskadon et al. , 1998) • Delay in release of melatonin: released around 10 pm in adults, but not until 1 am in teens! What might this mean for schools? • Delaying start of high school by 30 mins leads to improvements in mood, alertness, health (Owens et al. , 2010) and decreases in car accidents among teen drivers (Danner & Phillips, 2008)© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sleep Deprivation • 1 in ____ adults are so sleepy during the day that it interferes with daily activities • _______ % of all drivers have fallen asleep a few seconds at the wheel (microsleep) Are YOU sleep deprived? © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Q 1 Can getting too little sleep increase your risk of getting a cold? Reduced cognitive and motor performance Irritability and mood alterations Decreased self-esteem Impaired immune system = People sleeping <7 hours/night are 3 x more likely to catch a cold than those who sleep 8+ hrs • Greater risk of obesity because sleep deprivation interferes with appetite-controlling hormone • • © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Stages of Sleep • 90 -minute pattern • Dreams during REM sleep © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Do We Sleep? Four Sleep Theories 1. Adaptation/protection theory: conserve energy and protect from predators 2. Repair/restoration theory: recuperate from daily activities 3. Growth/development theory: more sleep during stages of brain growth 4. Learning/memory theory: more REM sleep during stages of greatest learning © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Do We Dream? Three Dream Theories 1. Wish-fulfillment = unacceptable desires are normally repressed, but emerge in dreams – – Manifest content = story line of the dream Latent content = what the dream represents 2. Activation-synthesis hypothesis = dreams are the brain’s way of making sense of random electrical stimulation occurring during REM 3. Cognitive view = dreams organize and interpret information from waking experience into memories © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sleep-Wake Disorders © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Q 2 Can using a computer or i. Pad late at night make it harder to fall asleep? • Exposure to light from electronic displays (i. Pad or computer) reduces melatonin by 22% • Nonprescription sleep aids don’t work; prescription tranquilizers and barbiturates help people sleep, but decrease Stage 4 and REM sleep and can create dependence • Some research shows small doses of melatonin help people fall asleep and stay asleep © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Improve your sleep: During the Day • Natural sleep aids: • Exercise • Regular sleep/wake hours • Avoid stimulants • Avoid late meals and heavy drinking • Stop worrying • Use presleep rituals • Practice yoga In Bed • Use progressive relaxation • Use fantasies of self in tranquil setting • Use deep breathing • Warm bath © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychoactive Drugs • Agonist drugs = enhance a particular neurotransmitter • Antagonist drugs = inhibit a neurotransmitter • Drug abuse = drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to self or others • Addiction = body requires drug to function; the outcome of tolerance and dependence – – Psychological dependence Physical dependence Withdrawal Tolerance © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Q 3 Are you addicted to Facebook? • Feel unreasonably compelled to check FB? • “Do you feel an urge to use FB more and more? ” • “Do you become restless or troubled if prohibited from using FB? ” © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Four Drug Categories © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Four Drug Categories © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Q 4 Can using marijuana decrease your IQ? • Teenagers who started smoking marijuana before age 18 and were addicted to the drug by age 38 showed decreases in IQ • Drops of 8 points for heaviest users © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Meditation and Hypnosis • Results of meditation range from mellow relaxation to strong hallucinations • Meditation leads to altered states of consciousness because of purposeful changes in prefrontal cortex • By focusing on single object, emotion or word, you diminish the number of brain cells that are devoted to multiple tasks; neurons that had been devoted to time now allow you to experience sense of timelessness and mild euphoria © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Q 5 Can hypnosis decrease the pain of childbirth? • Hypnosis = trance-like state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, focus • Medical areas that experience high levels of anxiety (dentistry, childbirth, etc. ) use hypnosis to create both lower levels and shorter duration of pain © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.