Colonial Life SOL VUS 2 VUS 3 Exploration

Colonial Life SOL: VUS. 2 & VUS. 3 Exploration and Settlement Where did they explore? Impact on the American Indians? Spanish – Caribbean, Central and South America Spanish and English – violent conflicts over land English – present day United States French – cooperation, no large scale immigration French – present day Canada In general – disease, death, loss of territory New England Middle -Strong belief in private ownership of property and free enterprise -Mercantilism- economic system that creates interdependence between the mother country and the colonies Southern 1607 - Jamestown established by Virginia Company of London as a business venture. 1 st permanent English settlement and 1 st meeting of representative government in the Colonies in Region MA, RI, CT, NH, NY, NJ, PA, DE MD, VA, NC, SC, GA, Reasons for settlement -Puritans seeking Religious freedom & economic opportunity -English, Dutch, German immigrants seeking Economic opportunity & religious freedom -Poor English immigrants and English nobility (cavaliers) seeking Economic opportunity, indentured servants Politics -Covenant community (Mayflower Compact) -(Athenian) Direct Democracy- town meetings -Democratic principles that reflected basic rights of Englishmen -House of Burgesses- 1 st elected assembly General Assembly of VA -Stronger ties with Britain -Planters filling leading legislature roles Growth of plantation-based agricultural economy required large cheap labor supply – indentured servants replaced by the forcible importation of slaves (Middle passage) Economy -Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small scale farming, eventually manufacturing. Hard work and thrift -Shipbuilding, small farms, trading (seaports in NYC and Philadelphia) -Large plantations cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), hunting, farming in Appalachian mountains and foothills Impact of slavery -Puritans, religious status, intolerant of dissenters (objectors) or other religions -(Rhode Island founded by religious dissenters, fleeing Puritan MA) -Religiously Tolerant, middle-class artisans and farmers, Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Huguenots (Diverse) -Status based on family and land ownership, Large landowners kept ties to England Anglican church Maryland for Catholics Social/ Society Indentured servants- worked for a period of time to get passage to colonies or pay off debts 1619 -Slavery introduced into the colonies to work on tobacco plantations Would lead to Conflict between North and South & Civil War Great Awakening- mid 1700’s -Religious movement- growth of evangelical denominations -Baptist and Methodist -Challenged the religious and governmental order social foundations for American Revolution

SOL: VUS. 4 – American Revolution French & Indian War -conflict between the French and British over territory and resources in the Ohio River valley -Ends with Treaty of Paris 1763 Results -British control dominate North America Growing Resistance to British Rule New Taxes to pay for war debt and troops to protect the colonies – Stamp Act, Sugar Act, tax on tea, Townshend act New laws: -Writs of Assistance, Quartering Act, Martial law - Colonists felt their civil liberties were being violated Colonists protested through boycotts, intimidation and violence Proclamation of 1763 Colonists prohibited from settling west of the Appalachian Mts. Patriots Neutrals • Wanted independence, • Inspired by Locke and Paine • Patrick Henry, “Give me Liberty or give me Death” • George Washington selected as commander and Chief of Continental Army • Tried to stay as uninvolved as possible • Remained loyal to Britain because of economic and cultural ties • Believed taxation was justified for protection of colonists • Influenced colonies ideas of self-government • All people are free, equal and have natural rights of life, liberty, and property. • There is a “social contract” between the people and the government. • “Ordered liberty”- people obey laws and government protects the people • “Consent of the governed” Boston Massacre- troops fire on anti-British demonstrators • Boston Tea Party- protest against British tea monopoly led by the Sons of Liberty Boston Harbor closed • 1 st Continental Congress 1774 - All colonies sent representatives except GA, first time colonies acted together. • Lexington and Concord- skirmish between British troops and Minutemen- WAR Begins • 2 nd Continental Congress 1776 - debate issue of Independence Why do the Americans win? Loyalists (Tories) Enlightenment Ideas of John Locke • Diplomatic Factors -Victory at Battle of Saratoga leads to Benjamin Franklin negotiating a Treaty of Alliance with France Military Factors -George Washington, general of American Army avoided any situation that threatened the destruction of his army -French army and navy help at Battle of Yorktown -Colonists were fighting a defensive war -Lost popular support for the war in Britain COLONIES ARE INDEPENDENT! Common Sense- Thomas Paine • Listed complaints or grievances against the king. • Challenged British rule in colonies Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • reflected ideas of Paine and Locke • Reflects ideas of natural rights and political authority that laid the foundation for the US government.

SOL: VUS. 5 The Constitution Problems with Articles 1787 Constitutional Convention The Articles of Confederation 1. Weak national government Key issues & Resolutions Why established? Afraid of strong central government (like Britain) 2. Congress has no power to tax or regulate commerce States vs. Federal power: Ratification- approval Federalists Anti-federalists • Strong national/central government to promote economic development and public improvements. • Role of federal government in handling national problems • Bill of Rights is unnecessary • James Madison and George Washington • Feared strong central government that would destroy the rights of individuals and states • States should have most of the power • Bill of Rights is necessary to protect the rights of individuals • George Mason and Patrick Henry 3. No common currency -federal law is supreme law of land; states have rights to govern themselves 4. Each state gets one vote despite size Great Compromise: Representation in Congress 5. One Branch -- legislative -Senate = 2 senators per state (small states) Shay’s Rebellion: showed weakness -House of Reps = based on state population (large states) Creation of the Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments; drafted by James Madison; He used • Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason) Important People James Madison: “Father of the Constitution, ” author of Virginia Plan (3 branches of gov. ), took notes, lead debate, George Washington: chairman of the Convention, lent prestige to proceedings Three-Fifths Compromise-Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person gave Southern states more representation in Congress Separation of Powers-3 Co-equal Branches of government: Legislative, executive and judicial -checks and balances no one branch becomes too powerful Limited Federal government power to those in Constitution. Early Supreme Court Cases foundations for Supreme Courts authority to mediate disagreements between branches, levels of government and competing business interests. Chief Justice-John Marshall of Virginia Basic human rights that should not be violated by the government Marbury v. Madison -- established the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”) • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson) Mc. Culloch v. Maryland prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government (“the power to tax is the power to destroy”) implied powers Supported Freedom of religious exercise and separation of church and state no gov’t support church Gibbons v. Ogden- established a national view of economic affairs (interstate commerce/trade)

SOL: VUS. 6 US Expansion Manifest Destiny: America should stretch from Atlantic to Pacific Louisiana Purchase: (1803) President Jefferson purchased from France, doubled the size of the U. S. gaining control of Mississippi River and New Orleans facilitate western trade Lewis and Clark: explore the new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River. Sacajawea served as their guide and translator. 49 th Parallel- boundary between US and Canada Florida: (1819) acquired from Spain through a treaty. Monroe Doctrine: (1823) Europe can not have new colonies in the Western Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere was different from Europe ( republics instead of monarchies) America will not interfere in Europe Texas Annexation: Americans in Texas revolt against Mexican rule Battle of the Alamo Texas joins the Union (1845) Mexican Cession: (1848) United States defeated Mexico, acquired California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and Nevada (CANCUN) Political Developments 1 st President: G. Washington 2 nd President: John Adams Election of 1800 – won by Thomas Jefferson, first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another Development of Political Parties Federalists Democratic Republicans • led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, • believed in a strong national government and industrial economy • supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast. • Support Bank of US and the Jay Treaty • led by Thomas Jefferson • believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. • supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South. • Do not support Bank of US or the Jay Treaty Age of Jackson • Expansion of democracy – don’t need to own property to vote; more men can vote “Age of the common man” • Whigs and Know-Nothings- replaced the Federalist part in opposing Democratic Party • Election of 1828 – first election with nominating conventions, more common people vote; Jackson elected • Spoils system : giving gov’t jobs to political supporters • presidential veto: President can stop passage of acts • Indian Removal/Trial of Tears: Indians forced to relocate to reservations or across the Mississippi • Bank of the United States – Jackson vetoed the re-charter, thought Bank was a tool of the rich, Businesses failed • Panic of 1837 -- economic depression after Businesses failed • • War of 1812 British interference in US shipping (impressment of US sailors) and western expansion. President Madison asked Congress to declare war Federalists in New England opposed the war Hartford Convention proposed constitutional amendments and threatened to secede which leads to the demise of the party US was able to claim the Oregon territory

Economic Differences SOL: VUS. 6 US Tensions Westward Expansion Impact on Americans Indians • “Manifest Destiny” supports territorial expansion of white settlers • American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts • “Trail of Tears”- removed from homeland on Atlantic coast to reservations in Oklahoma First Industrial Revolution- following war of 1812 Transportation improvements: Railroads and Canals -- helped the growth of an industrial economy and supported the westward movement of settlers. Agricultural improvements: Eli Whitney – invented cotton gin; led to the spread of the slavery-based “cotton kingdom” Industrial innovations: textile mills Communication improvements: telegraph Abolitionists Grew stronger in the North , Suppressed in the South • Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin • William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator- slavery violates Christian principles • Southern slave owners vs. Northerners refusing to return fugitive slaves North • • Industrial economy based on manufacturing Favor high protective tariffs South • • • Agricultural economy Slavery-based system Strongly opposed high tariffs Conflict over Westward expansion and Slavery • Missouri Compromise: (1820) Missouri becomes a slave state, draws a line through LA purchase. all future states north of will be free, south will be slave • Compromise of 1850: California entered as a free state, new territories acquired from Mexico would decide on their own. • Kansas-Nebraska Act: gave people in Kansas and Nebraska the choice whether to allow slavery in their states (“popular sovereignty”). Result = violent conflict “Bleeding Kansas” • Creation of the Republican Party: opposed the spread of slavery. • Dred Scott Decision: (1857) Supreme Court overturned efforts to limit the spread of slavery • Lincoln – Douglas Debates: (1858) debates over U. S. Senate seat in Illinois; Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery into new states; Douglas stood for “popular sovereignty. ” Slave Revolts • Nat Turner & Gabriel Prosser -- fed white Southern fears about slave rebellions and led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves. Tariff of 1832 • S. C. argued that they could nullify any acts by Congress • Nullification Crisis- if a union allowed states to invalidate acts, states could dissolve the union by seceding. • President Jackson threatened to send in federal troops to collect the tariffs. Women’s Suffrage (Voting Rights) • Seneca Falls Declaration – (1848) All men AND WOMEN are created equal. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony – worked for women’s rights before and after the Civil War

Major Events SOL: VUS. 7 Civil War Cause of the Civil War • Sectional disagreements over slavery, tariffs and states rights • Abolitionist vs. defenders of slavery • Dred Scot Case • Harriet Beecher Stowe- Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Failed compromises over expansion and slavery Election of Abraham Lincoln Secession several Southern states seceded in protest to Lincoln’s election • Battle of Antietam – (1862) early Union victory, which lead to: • Emancipation Proclamation– (1863) all slaves in areas in rebellion are freed; end of slavery is a northern aim • Battle of Gettysburg – (1863) turning point in the war • Gettysburg Address – Lincoln’s speech - United States is one nation; Civil War is a struggle to restore it, “all men are created equal” government “of the people, by the people, for the people” Appomattox Courthouse April 1865 – Lee surrendered to Grant Key Leaders WAR Opening Confrontation of the war April 1861 – Fort Sumter, SC Union Confederate Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States during the Civil War, insisted that the Union be held together, if necessary by force Jefferson Davis– US senator who became president of the Confederate States of America Ulysses S. Grant -- Union Robert E. Lee -military commander, won Confederate general of the victories over the South Army of Northern Virginia; opposed secession, Frederick Douglass -Former slave & abolitionist; urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves

SOL: VUS. 7 Reconstruction • Lincoln’s Ideas – Southern states had never seceded; reconstruction quickly restoring govts. in the South loyal to the Union, should be lenient “with malice towards none” Changes to the Constitution End of Reconstruction • 13 th Amendment: slavery is abolished Compromise of 1877 – • Southern Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate for president. • Republicans agreed to end military occupation • 14 th Amendment: States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American. • 15 th Amendment: all male citizens can vote, regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (former slaves). • Assassination of Lincoln (April 1865) • Congress’s Ideas – Radical Republicans take over; want to punish the South and civil rights for blacks • South put under military occupation Postwar Contributions of Key Leaders Ulysses S. Grant • • • Urged Radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates Elected president during Reconstruction Advocated for rights of the Freedman Opposed retribution directed at the defeated South. Robert E. Lee • • • Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the US Served as president of Washington College Emphasized the importance of education Frederick Douglass • Supported full equality for African Americans • Advocated for the 14 th and 15 th amendment • Encouraged federal government actions to protect eh rights of freedmen in the South • Served as ambassador to Haiti Social Impact African Americans • Emancipation proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers Common Soldiers • Warfare involved hand-to-hand combat • Wartime diaries and letters record harsh reality • In South, Soldiers returned to home to find destroyed homes and poverty. • Lived with permanent disabilities Women • Manage homes and families with scarce resources • Faced poverty and hunger • New roles in agriculture, nursing, and war industries • Economic and Social Impact • North and Mid-west: became strong and industrial; lead economic growth of US • South – development of Jim Crow Laws; devastated by the war. Farms, railroads, cities, and factories destroyed; remained poor, agriculture-based economy • West – transcontinental railroad brings many settlers west of the Mississippi

IMMIGRATION AND CITY GROWTH SOL: VUS. 8 a, b Industrialization INDUSTRIALIZATION Technological change spurred growth of industry primarily in northern cities. Many Immigrants came to America looking for better lives. Worked for very low pay and in dangerous working conditions. Factors leading to Industrial growth: Natural Resources Government Policies. Laissez-faire Inventions & Inventors Corporation: limited liability • Steel – Bessemer process • Electricity – Thomas Edison, the light bulb & power • Telephone – Alexander G. Bell Increasing Labor Supply Pre-1871 northern & western Europe 1871 to 1921 southern & eastern Europe and Asia Immigrants contribution to industrial growth • Railroads – Chinese • Factories – clothing, textile and steel mills, • Coal Mining – Slavs, Italians, Poles The Immigrant Experience Corporate/Industrial Leaders Ellis Island, NY- Statue of Liberty, ethnic neighborhoods Laissez-faire policies & land grants to railroads “melting pot” – assimilating into American culture, speak English, public Carnegie – Steel Nativism – fear and resentment of immigrants willing to work for low wages & bad conditions, prejudice of religious and cultural differences. Rockefeller – Oil • Airplane – Wright Brothers Morgan – Banking • Assembly line – Henry Ford Vanderbilt – Railroads Angel Island, CA- San Francisco, immigrants from across the Pacific schools- helped immigrant children adopt American customs Limiting Immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 • Cowboys: took cattle on “long cattle drives” to market WESTWARD EXPANSION • Farmers: Homestead Act (1862) – free land; former Intensified movement of settlers into the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. • New Technologies: mechanical reaper, railroads increased efficiency and made farming profitable slaves & Southerners; • American Indians- New settlers led to continued forcible removal of Indians from land. Battle of Little Bighorn, Wounded Knee Massacre • New states enter the union- 48 states by 1912 City Growth New Industrial cities: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York; manufacturing and transportation centers Advantages of the cities: jobs; NYC built the 1 st subway Problems of the cities: housing shortages, slums, tenements, sewage and water issues, bad housing conditions

SOL: VUS. 8 c, d Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement: used government to reform problems created by industrialization. Excess of the Gilded Age • Income disparity; lavish lifestyles • Practices of robber barons People Involved. Theodore Roosevelt: “Square Deal” Woodrow Wilson: “New Freedom” Muckrakers: in articles, describe abuses of child labor Discrimination • Jim Crow – laws in the South that set up segregation • Intimidation and crimes directed at African Americans- (lynching) • Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but equal” legalized segregation • Great Migration – many African. Americans move to Northern cities for jobs and to escape discrimination in South Progressive accomplishments Goals of the Progressive Movement Local City manager & council system 1. Government controlled by the people 2. Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulation. 3. Elimination of Social Injustices State referendum, recall, initiative Elections primary election, secret ballot, direct election of senators (17 th Amendment) W. E. B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells-Barnett • believed education was meaningless without equality • believed in equality through vocational education and economic success • Led anti-lynching crusade • Challenged the government to take action. • helped form the NAACP • Leaders- Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Encouraged women to work during World War I • 19 th Amendment Level of Government Civil Rights Leaders • supported political equality Women’s suffrage (right to vote) Working conditions Impact of labor unions Gains • dangerous • long hours, • low wages, • no job security • no benefits • company towns Organizations • Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor (Gompers) • American Railway Union (Debs) • International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union Strikes • Haymarket Square • Homestead Strike • Pullman Strike • Limited work hours • Regulated working conditions • Sherman Antitrust Act (outlaws monopolies) • Clayton Antitrust Act (unions legal) Child labor The Bitter Cry of the Children Child labor laws • accepted social separation

VUS. 9 a US Imperialism • • Strong Nations attempt to control weaker nations Strong Nations need/want natural resources United States has a new role in the world Open Door Policy • • • John Hay all nations have equal trade rights with China Ensured freedom of trade with China • • President Taft invest in Latin America to promote American investments US Government will protect investments Dollar Diplomacy Panama Canal • • Spanish American • War 1898 • Hawaii • • • President Roosevelt Linked Pacific to Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) Allow US navy to move quickly from ocean to ocean Rebellion in Cuba US annex Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico US stages rebellion and annexes Hawaii US needs naval base in Pacific US wants sugar crop Roosevelt Corollary • • justifies the United States right to intervene in Latin American Affairs Extension of Monroe Doctrine Yellow Journalism • • Journalism that is based on exaggeration. Explosion of the USS Maine

VUS. 9 b World War I June 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand July 1914 - Austria. Hungary declares war on Serbia. War Begins Impact of War on US • Women and minorities work in warrelated industries • Government role in the economy will grow as it regulates production of war goods 1917 - US enters the war • Brings soldiers (draft) and war materials Germany loses Treaty of Versailles 1919 Events leading to US Involvement • French & 1. Germany’s unrestricted Allied Central English hostile submarine war fare Powers towards (Lusitania) Britain Germany 2. Economic ties to Great France Austria • League of Russia Hungary Britain Nations is Serbia created • New national Practiced Isolationism boundaries & • President Washington US remains nations – avoid foreign neutral entanglements. Fourteen Points President Wilson’s plan to eliminate the causes of war • Self-determination • Freedom of the seas • League of Nations • Mandate system US Senate Reaction to treaty 1. Disliked League of Nationsthreated American Independence 2. Senate does not ratify treatymight lead to US being involved in future Wars

VUS. 10 1920’s and Stock Market Crash 1929 Mass Media and Communications Radio Broadcast Jazz and Fireside Chats Movies Provide escape from Depression-era realities Newspapers and Magazines Shaped cultural norms and sparked fads Causes of the Stock crash of 1929 1. Stock investments made with borrowed money • Over speculation • Buying on margin 2. Excessive expansion of credit 3. Bank deposits invested in the market 4. Market collapsed, banks ran out of money Challenges to traditional values Traditional religion Fundamentalism, Darwin’s Theory of evolution, and the Scopes Trial Traditional roles of women Flappers and 19 th amendment (women’s suffrage) Open Immigration Rise of new KKK- targeted African Americans, Jews, Immigrants, and Catholics Prohibition 18 th Amendment Smuggling alcohol and speakeasies Consequences of the crash • People panicked and attempted to withdraw their money from the banks • No new investments were made

VUS. 10 Great Depression and New Deal Causes of the Great Depression 1. Stock Market Crash of 1929 2. Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system • Led to contraction in the nation’s supply of money in circulation 3. High protective tariffs that caused other countries to place high tariffs on US goods • Hawley-Smoot Act Goal Program • • President F. D. Roosevelt’s New Deal • • • Impact of the Great Depression Unemployment and homelessness (Hooverville) Collapse of financial system (bank closings) Decline in demand for goods Political unrest (growing militancy of labor unions) Farm foreclosures and migration What it did Relief- direct payment to WPA- Works Progress people for immediate help Administration Provided jobs and welfare to the unemployed Recovery- bring the nation out of depression over time AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Act Raise crop prices by reducing production Reform- correct bad banking and investment practices. FDIC- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Insure money in banks to prevent bank failures. Social security Offered safeguards for workers Legacy of the New Deal • Influenced Public’s belief that it is the responsibility of the government to provide public services, intervene in the economy, and promote general welfare.

VUS. 11 WWII • • Leading to War Treaty of Versailles’ treatment of Germany caused bitterness and resentment Hitler comes to power in Germany Appeasement- giving into some of Hitler's demands to avoid conflict. Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles by rearming and expanding the military. Geneva Convention: ensure humane treatment of POWs • Japan: did not follow rules, Bataan Death March, Japanese soldiers committed suicide instead of surrender • Europe: more closely followed the Convention War begins in Europe and Asia Europe • • • Sept. 1 1939 - Germany invades Poland Sept. 17 1939 - Soviet Union (USSR) invades Eastern Europe 1940 -Germany overruns France and much of Western Europe July-Oct 1940 - Battle of Britain- air raids on Britain 1941 - Germany invades Soviet Union. US remains neutral but sends supplies to Britain and Allies: 1. Cash and Carry 2. Lend-Lease Act Asia • • • Japan attacks China and Manchuria US does not recognize Japan’s conquests & enforces an embargo on oil and steel. Japan plans to attack the US Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 “a date that will live in infamy” Results of WWII Soviets: control Eastern Europe, led to Cold War Germany: Divided into East (USSR) and West (US, Britain, France) Japan: occupied by US & adopts democracy Europe: in ruins, rebuilt with US Marshal Plan United Nations: formed to prevent future wars. Europe/North Africa Battles El Alamein- prevented Germanys spread into Egypt and control of oil Stalingrad- Forced Germany to retreat from Soviet Union. Did not get Soviet oil fields Normandy-Allied invasion to liberate Europe June 1944 (DDay) May 1945 - Germany Surrenders (VE Day) Victory in Europe Allies Powers Asia/Pacific Battles Midway- Ends Japanese advance to Hawaii Island Hopping- capturing islands to get closer to Japan Iwo Jima/Okinawa- Brought US closer to Japan, but costly Atomic Bomb- Hiroshima & Nagasaki. Truman hoped to end the war and save lives. Sept 1945 - Japan surrenders (VJ Day) Axis Powers US, Great Britain, Soviet Union Germany, Japan, Italy Strategy: Defeat Hitler and Germany first Strategy: conquer Soviet oil and defeat Britain quickly

Economic Resources VUS. 11 WWII Home front • Minority Participation in WWII: Most units were segregated. Units suffered high causalities African Americans: Most served in support role, but wanted to fight, Tuskegee Airmen-served in Europe Nisei Regiments: Asian (Japanese) American Unit Mexican Americans: served in integrated units Native Americans: Navajo code -talkers, unbreakable code • • • 1. 2. 3. Government and business work together (new agencies) Rationing- limit scarce materials to use in the war effort. War bonds and income taxes paid for the war. Businesses changed from peacetime to wartime production. Role of Media: Government censored war news Ads to promote war effort Movies, plays, and shows boosted morale and patriotic support The Holocaust Terms Affected Groups Significance Genocide: the systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group • • • Nuremberg Trials: convicted Nazi leaders and others of War crimes. Emphasized personal responsibility Final Solution: Germany’s decision to exterminate all Jews Military/Human Resources Jews Poles Slavs Gypsies Undesirables (homosexuals mentally ill) Increased demand for Jewish homeland (Israel) • • • Selective Service- Draft provided personnel for military More women and minorities in the workplace Citizens volunteer to help war effort. Treatment of Japanese Americans • Strong anti-Japanese sentiments on West Coast • Belief that Japanese were spies • Sent to interment camps • Supreme court upholds decision: Korematsu v. the United States • After war, public apology and financial payments issued to survivors. Role of Women: • Rosie the Riveter • Worked to replace men who joined the war • • Role of African Americans: Migrated to cities to work in war plants Want victory over racism and war

1945 VUS. 12 Cold War 1949 Results of WWII Soviet Union (USSR)- Forces occupying Eastern Germany and Eastern and Central Europe. Germany- Divided in to East (USSR) and West (US, France, Britain) Japan- occupied by US, adopt democracy and would resume self-government Marshall Plan- US plan to rebuild Europe, strengthen West Europe against Communism. United Nations- created to prevent future wars. “Iron Curtain”- Churchill 1950 Vietnam War (1954 -1975) Communist North Vietnam attempted to take over South 1954 • Vietnam • US got involved to contain communism • John F. Kennedy began troop build-up, after his assassination, Lyndon Johnson increased the number of troops • US troops won lots of battles, could not win and end the war • Nation divided over war; lots of opposition (esp. college students) • President Nixon tried Vietnamization – turning war over to South Vietnamese • Policy failed, South Vietnam could not resist Soviet-backed North; Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal • 1975 – Vietnam united under communism Soviet Union -Democratic -Free market economic system -Totalitarian government -Communist (socialist) economy Truman Doctrine: containment; keep communism from spreading. NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization Peacetime military alliance of US and West Europe Warsaw Pact: Alliance of Soviets and Eastern Europe Korean War (1950 -1953) • Communist North Korea invaded South Korea • US joined South Korea to contain Communism • First time UN used military force to oppose aggression • Chinese joined North Korea to protect communism • ended in a stalemate – South Korea is a separate, noncommunist nation- no significant border change Situation after World War II US and USSR Rivalry United States • Communists won the Chinese Civil War • Soviets develop an atomic bomb–fear of nuclear war • President Eisenhower adopted policy of “massive retaliation” Cuba – Fidel Castro leads communist take-over; many flee to Florida Bay of Pigs – failed invasion by Cubans exiles to overthrow 1961 communist government. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis; Soviet missiles in Cuba; JFK gets them removed 1991 Soviet Union is dissolved

VUS. 12 Cold War US Military Forces in Cold War Vietnam Veterans faced protests, unlike WWII Veterans. President John Kennedy’s (a WWII veteran) inaugural address • pledged that the United States would “ pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty. ” • “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ” -Millions of Americans served in the military during the Cold War and their service not always popular. Vietnam Veterans faced protests in the US, unlike WWII Veterans. -Vietnam War would lead to a reluctance to commit US troops to Conflicts. Cold War At Home • Fear of Communism and nuclear war • Domino Theory-if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow. • 1950 s/1960 s – American schools held Duck and cover drills; the government encouraged people to build bomb shelters • Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying leading increased fears of communism at home • Mc. Carthyism -Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy falsely accused many people of being communists • Foreign policy became a major issue in presidential elections • Virginia benefited from heavy military spending, esp. Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads • Anti-war movements- 1960’s-70’s, Protests put on by college students. • Détente- easing hostility (eg Nixon’s visit to China). • Watergate- forced President Nixon to resign Fall of the Soviet Union lead to the end of the Cold War Internal Problems • Rising nationalism in Soviet Republics • increasing military expenditures to compete with US • market reforms • economic inefficiency • Gorbachev’s glasnost (openness) & perestroika (economic restructuring) External Pressure • Ronald Reagan’s challenge to the moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union • Berlin Wall- Built to prevent escape from Eastern Europe “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”, torn down in 1989 • increased US military and economic pressures on the Soviet Union 1989 - Berlin Wall is torn down 1990 - Germany is reunified 1991 - Soviet Union collapses Post Cold War era goals and policies • Foreign aid • Humanitarian aid • Support for human rights George W. Bush 1989 -1993 • Fall of communism in Eastern Europe • Reunification of Germany • Collapse of Yugoslavia • Break up of Soviet State • Persian Gulf War 1990 -1991 -First war in which American women served in combat -Operation Desert Storm William J. Clinton 1993 -2001 • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • Full diplomatic relations with Vietnam • Lifting of economic sanctions against South Africa when apartheid ended • NATO action in former Yugoslavia George W. Bush 2001 -2009 • Terrorist attacks on United States soil on 9/11/2001 • War in Afghanistan • War in Iraq

SOL: VUS. 13 Civil Rights National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • challenged segregation and Discrimination in the courts • Thurgood Marshall – NAACP Legal Defense Team • Oliver Hill – Legal Defense Team in Virginia Response Brown vs. Board of Education • Supreme Court decision that segregated schools are unconstitutional & must be desegregated • “Separate is not equal” • Made up of many cases, including a Virginia case Civil Rights Act of 1964 March on Washington • prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and gender • helped influence public opinion to support civil rights legislation • demonstrated the power of non-violent, mass protest • establishment of private academies that could remain segregated • “white flight” from urban school systems 1963 • Martin Luther King gave his “I have a dream speech” • Massive resistance – closing some public schools to avoid integration • desegregated public facilities Voting Rights Act of 1965 • outlawed literacy tests • sent federal registrars to the South to register voters • resulted in more African American voters President Lyndon Johnson played an important role in the passage of these acts.

VUS. 14 Modern America Supreme Court • Minorities on the Supreme Court-Sandra Day O’Connor, Clarence Thomas, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg. • Protects privacy rights of citizens from government interference • Protects rights states in the Constitution Space Program 1960 s – John F. Kennedy pledged increased support for space program John Glenn – first American to orbit the earth Neil Armstrong – first man on the moon (1969) “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” Sally Ride- first US female astronaut Space exploration- space shuttle, Mars rover, Voyager missions, Hubble telescope Reagan revolution • Tax cuts • Transfer of responsibilities to state governments • Appointment of judges who exercise “judicial restraint” • Strengthen of American military • Reduction in government programs and regulations American Economy Healthy economy characterized by full employment and low inflation • Federal Reserve- Monetary policy decisions control supply of money and credit • President and congress- Fiscal policy decisions determine levels of government taxation and spending. Response to Terrorism • 9/11 attacks • Heightened security (Patriot Act) • Diplomatic and military initiatives New Technologies • Cable TV/24 -hour News (CNN) Changing Patterns of Immigration Most new immigrants are from Asia and Latin America Reasons for immigration 1. political freedom 2. economic opportunity Effects of Immigration 1. Bilingual education/English as a Second Language 2. Changing public policy (ex: Cuba) 3. Politics/voting 4. Pathways to citizenship 5. Border issues 6. Strain on government services 7. Fill low-paying jobs in US Contributions of immigrants 1. Diversity in foods, music, arts, literature 2. Roles in labor force 3. Achievements in science, engineering and other fields Better Communication/Access to global information • telecommuting • distance learning Communications- satellites, GPS, Personal communication devices • Personal computers • growth in service industries • Cellular phones Robotics • World Wide Web • breakthroughs in medical research (Dr. Jonas Salk – polio vaccine)

Geography VUS. 6 b Expansion Manifest Destiny: America should stretch from Atlantic to Pacific Louisiana Purchase: (1803) President Jefferson purchased from France, doubled the size of the U. S. Lewis and Clark: explore the new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River. Sacajawea served as their guide and translator. Monroe Doctrine: (1823) Europe can not have new colonies in the western hemisphere, America will not interfere in Europe Texas Annexation: Americans in Texas revolt, Battle of the Alamo, Texas joins the Union (1845) Mexican Cession: (1848) United States defeated Mexico, acquired California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and Nevada (CANCUN) Florida-acquired from Spain through a treaty VUS. 8 a WESTWARD EXPANSION Intensified movement of settlers into the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. Pre-1871 VUS. 8 a IMMIGRATION AND CITY GROWTH Many Immigrants came to America looking for better lives. Worked for very low pay and in dangerous working conditions. • Cowboys: took cattle on “long cattle drives” to northern & western Europe 1871 to 1921 southern & eastern Europe and Asia The Immigrant Experience market • Farmers: Homestead Act (1862) – free land; former Ellis Island, NY- Statue of Liberty, ethnic neighborhoods slaves & Southerners; Angel Island, CA- San Francisco, immigrants from across the Pacific • New Technologies: mechanical reaper, railroads increased efficiency and made farming profitable “melting pot” – assimilating into American culture, speak English, public schools- helped immigrant children adopt American customs • American Indians- New settlers led to continued forcible removal of Indians from land. Battle of Little Bighorn, Wounded Knee Massacre • New states enter the union- 48 states by 1912 Nativism – fear and resentment of immigrants willing to work for low wages & bad conditions, prejudice of religious and cultural differences. Limiting Immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

VUS. 9 a United States has a new role in the world Open Door Policy • • equal trade rights with China Ensured freedom of trade with China Dollar Diplomacy • President Taft encourages businesses to invest in Latin America to promote American investments US Government will protect investments • Panama Canal • • Spanish American • War 1898 • Hawaii • • Linked Pacific to Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) Allow US navy to move quickly from ocean to ocean Rebellion in Cuba US annex Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico US stages rebellion and annexes Hawaii US needs naval base in Pacific and wants sugar crop VUS. 11 WWII Battles Europe/North Africa Battles Asia/Pacific Battles El Alamein- prevented Germanys spread into Egypt and control of oil Stalingrad- Forced Germany to retreat from Soviet Union. Did not get Soviet oil fields Normandy-Allied invasion to liberate Europe June 1944 (D-Day) May 1945 - Germany Surrenders (VE Day) Victory in Europe Pearl Harbor- attack on US military bases. Gets US in to WWII Midway- Ends Japanese advance to Hawaii Island Hopping- capturing islands to get closer to Japan Iwo Jima/Okinawa- Brought US closer to Japan, but costly Atomic Bomb- Hiroshima & Nagasaki. Truman hoped to end the war and save lives. Sept 1945 - Japan surrenders (VJ Day) VUS. 12 a Post WWII Soviet Union (USSR)- Forces occupying Eastern Germany and Eastern and Central Europe. Germany- Divided in to East (USSR) and West (US, France, Britain) Japan- occupied by US, adopt democracy and would resume self-government Marshall Plan- US plan to rebuild Europe, strengthen West Europe against Communism. United Nations- created to prevent future wars. “Iron Curtain”- Churchill

Civics and Economics Indentured servants- worked for a period of time to get passage to colonies or pay off debts VUS. 3 New England Politics Covenant community (Mayflower Compact) (Athenian) Direct Democracy- town meetings Democratic principles that reflected basic rights of Englishmen House of Burgesses - 1 st elected assembly Now the General Assembly of Virginia Stronger ties with Britain Economy Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small scale farming, eventually manufacturing. Hard work and thrift Shipbuilding, small farms, trading (seaports in NYC and Philadelphia) Plantations, cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), hunting, farming in Appalachian mountains and foothills Social/ Society Puritans, religious status, intolerant of dissent or other religions (RI founded by religious dissenters, fleeing Puritan MA) Religiously Tolerant, middleclass artisans and farmers, Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Huguenots Status based on family and land ownership, Large landowners kept ties to England Anglican church Maryland for Catholics 1619 -Slavery introduced into the colonies Growth of plantation-based agricultural economy required large cheap labor supply – indentured servants replaced by the forcible importation of slaves (Middle passage) Impact of slavery Would lead to Conflict between North and South & Civil War Great Awakening- mid 1700’s -Religious movement -Baptist and Methodist -Challenged the religious and governmental orderfoundations for American Revolution VUS. 4 a. Enlightenment Ideas of John Locke • Influenced colonies ideas of selfgovernment • All people are free, equal and have natural rights of life, liberty, and property. • There is a “social contract” between the people and the government. • “Ordered liberty”- people obey laws and government protects the people Middle Common Sense- Thomas Paine • Listed complaints or grievances against the king. • Challenged British rule in colonies Southern Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • reflected ideas of Paine and Locke

VUS. 10 b Causes of the Stock crash of 1929 1. Stock investments made with borrowed money • Over speculation • Buying on margin 2. Excessive expansion of credit 3. Bank deposits invested in the market 4. Market collapsed, banks ran out of money Consequences of the crash • People panicked and attempted to withdraw their money from the banks • No new investments were made VUS. 10 d New Deal Program Goal Relief- direct WPA- Works payment to people Progress for immediate help Administration What it did Provided jobs and welfare to the unemployed Recovery- bring the nation out of depression over time AAA- Agricultural Raise crop prices Adjustment Act by reducing production Reform- correct bad banking and investment practices. FDIC- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Insure money in banks to prevent bank failures. Social security Offered safeguards for workers VUS. 14 Supreme Court • Minorities on the Supreme Court-Sandra Day O’Connor, Clarence Thomas, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg. • Protects privacy rights of citizens from government interference • Protects rights states in the Constitution Program VUS. 14 American Economy Healthy economy characterized by full employment and low inflation • Federal Reserve- Monetary policy decisions control supply of money and credit • President and congress- Fiscal policy decisions determine levels of government taxation and spending.

Key Court Cases and Amendments Court Cases Marbury v. Madison • Established power of federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional • “Judicial Review” Mc. Culloch v. Maryland • Prohibited states from taxing agencies of the federal government • “power to tax is the power to destroy” Gibbons v. Ogden • Interstate commerce (trade) • Federal government will control interstate commerce Sandford v. • Protected the rights of the slave owner Scott • Overturned efforts to limit the spread of slavery Plessy v. Ferguson • Legalized segregation • “Separate but equal” Brown v. Board of Education • Declared segregation to be unconstitutional • Separate is not equal • Led to the desegregation of public schools • • Amendments Bill of rights: 1 st 10 amendments of the Constitution. Based on VA Declaration of Rights and VA Statute for Religious Freedom 13 th- abolish slavery 14 th-promised equal rights to all citizens 15 th- all male citizens can vote 17 th- direct election of US senators 18 th-Prohibition 19 th -women’s suffrage (voting rights) 21 st-Repeals Prohibition