Colonial America Seventeenth Century and Early Eighteenth Centuries

Colonial America Seventeenth Century and Early Eighteenth Centuries…

Colonial America- Jamestown � Colonies established primarily for economic and/ or religious reasons. � 1607 England’s 2 nd attempt at settling in North America- Jamestown for economic reasons. *joint stock company; Virginia Company. *many came searching for gold. “not available- fool’s gold”. *settlers typically not “equipped” (physically and literally). *helped by Native Americans of the Powhatan Confederacy. *Jamestown only survived because ships kept arriving with new colonists. *John Smith- “he who will not work shall not eat”.

Continued � Winter 1609 -1610 ; Starving Time � John Rolfe *Married Pocahontas *Tobacco pioneer (eventually leads settlement projection in Virginia as well as plantation slavery – cause and effect, prior knowledge!) *Brings in new settlements around Jamestown Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) *those who migrated did so for financial reasons *indentured servitude (75% out of 130, 000) *headright system (1618) ; 50 acres in land grants and basis of “power in the hands of a small & wealthy group. *House of Burgesses (1619) first REPRESENTATIVE government in America. Granted suffrage to property owning white males

The French in North America (relevant side note)…. � 1608; Quebec � French Jesuit priests attempted to convert natives to Roman Catholicism � More likely to spread diseases � Tried to colonize as much land as possible � Find Asia � Mostly single men who intermarried with natives � Stayed on the move coureurs du bois (runners in the wood) � Fur Trade � Relevance: French Indian War aka 7 Years War (17541763)… stay tuned! (cause and effect- prior knowledge)

Colonial America- Massachusetts Bay Colony; The Pilgrims � (16 th Century) Puritanism in England persecution look for a place to practice their faith New World! � Separatists; completely abandoned the Church of England � (Mayflower. 1620) Set sail for Virginia but accidently land in Plymouth, Massachusetts. � Travelers – Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact *government’s power comes from the CONSENT of the governed, not from God. *Absolutists Ø Also received help from Native Americans- Squanto Ø (1629) Massachusetts Bay colony established *Congregationalists * (1629 -1642) Great Puritan Migration

Massachusetts Bay Colony, Continued… � Governor John Winthrop * Calvinist ideals/ principles * City upon a hill * Puritan ideals *Government was to be a covenant among people, work must serve a communal ideal and Puritan ideals should always be followed and the church served. *Ironically, no room for religious tolerance *Religious intolerance actually led to the founding of other colonies…(Cause and effect)

Continued. Religious Intolerance (effect) � Salem Bay minister Roger Williams- challenged Puritan’s authority. (Separation of Church and State) *Williams banished. * Starts Rhode Island � Anne Hutchinson – questioned/ challenged religious authority (heresy). God’s grace would be enough to earn a place among the elect (not legalism). * Tried and convicted * banished…. to Rhode Island

Continued… *Puritan Immigration to New England *Chesapeake v New England � Comes to a standstill (1649 -1660) *Oliver Cromwell’s rule in England *English Civil Wars *Death of Cromwell (1658) *Stuarts reign again (1660) *Republican Ideals (cause and effect) � New England: families, longer life-span, community, more religious (meetinghouses) � Chesapeake: single men, tobacco/climate- shorter life span, lonelier, less religious.

Other Colonies Proprietorships � Population in Massachusetts grows, start looking for new places to settle. � Connecticut Valley Pequot War � Many colonies were proprietorships (gifts from the King hence owned by one person). Eventually leads to rebellion. Revolution ideologies? (cause & effect, prior knowledge) � Connecticut (1635) Fundamental Orders � Maryland (Lord Baltimore) haven for Catholics profit from tobacco religious tolerance (Protestants vs Catholics Act of Toleration (1649)

Continued. . . � New York- gift from the King to his brother, James *1664 Charles II wages ware on the Dutch (original populates but posed economic threat to G. B) * James becomes Duke of York * (1685) becomes King N. Y a royal colony. � New Jersey – sold off to Quaker investors. � Pennsylvania (Quaker’s own colony) *William Penn (Quaker) • Good friends with Charles II saw Quakers as radicals. • Liberal Policies regarding religion (tolerance) • Better treatment toward Native Americans • One of the fastest growing colonies • Backlash • Penn’s deal with the Natives.

* Proprietary Continued… * Slavery � Carolinas � (1729) Split – N & S Carolina � North Carolina- (Virginia) � South Carolina- (Englishmen- Barbados- African Slavery) ------------------------� African American Slavery (cause) Native American slaves- difficult � African Americans did not know the land � Language barriers � Easier to identify � (1790) 750, 000 blacks enslaved � Middle Passage- Triangular Trade Route (conditions) Transatlantic Slave Trade (1808) (cause and effect/ prior knowledge) � Thrived in the South- Labor intensive work (tobacco & rice) � North- Farms (NY & NJ), house servants �

Salutary Neglect & Regulation of Colonial Trade � G. B did not quite interfere with colonist affairs � Autonomy rhetoric (self rule) Road to Revolution? (cause & effect, prior knowledge) � America develops it’s own culture � Period lasts until French Indian War (1750) ----------------------------------� English Regulation on Colonial Trade �Mercantilism – Specie �Encouraged manufacturing in England protective tariff �Navigation Acts (1651 -1673)- smuggling �Attempts to strengthen act: vice-admiralty courts (no jury) �Entirely dependent on England, no uprising.

Colonial Government � Large self-government rhetoric/ ideology � Every colony had a governor � Legislature � Highly dependent on the cooperation o f the colonist. � Efforts to centralize government (by the colonists): New England Confederation (typically dealt with small issues, settled disputes).

Notable Events � Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Class resentment. � Nathanial Bacon vs. Governor Berkeley � Western settlers facing Native American attacks � Jamestown didn’t want to risk full scale war � Lashed out at Natives anyway � Burn down Jamestown � Ends with Bacon’s death ------------------------------------� King Phillip’s War � Wampanoags led by “King Phillip” � End of Native American presence New England.

Notable Events, Continued… � Stono Uprising (1739)- first, one of the most successful slave uprisings. � Restrictive laws to govern slave behavior. --------------------------------------� Salem �Over Witch Trials (1692) 130 “Witches” executed or sent to jail �Reasons: some say it was a “battle of the classes” �Or paranoia may have been a result of recent attempts of absolute rule. (Dominion of New England) �Glorious Revolution suffrage to all Protestants (Puritans paranoid would weaken their religion). Halfway Covenant

Great Awakening (1730 s-1740 s) � Religion dies down in colonies early 1700 s � Attempt to rekindle spirit of Puritanism � If we could make religious decisions on our own, we can also make political decisions on our own! � Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield Edwards: � Influenced by Enlightenment (Ben Franklin- Poor Man’s Almanack) � “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. � Very graphic depictions of hell � Damnation of those not “awakened” to true religion (Calvanism) � Whitefield: � Evangelical (traveled the colonies) � Former actor with great speaking skills; Attracted over 6, 000 � Based on Emotionalism and Spiritualism �

Life in the Colonies � Rate of growth; 1700= 250, 000 & 1750= 1, 250, 000 � Populations extend beyond English European Scotch-Irish, Scots, Germans, Blacks ----------------------------� 90% lived in rural areas � Labor divided among gender � Socializing ---------------------------------�Conditions Much in cities worse than countryside Sanitary conditions, population, epidemics Positive: contact with more people, progress and education.

* Education * Differences � Education was rare. Not strange to find a hand few of colonists with only a mediocre education, if any. � Work first, education secondary � Colleges existed solely to train in in ministry. ------------------------------� Various colonial regions differed considerably.

Assessment! � Pg. 91