Ch 19 Early Latin America AP World History

Ch 19 Early Latin America AP World History Mrs. Bradley

Iberian Peninsula vs New Spain http: //www. johomaps. com/worldblank_bw. jpg http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Centr al_and_Western_Europe_blank_map. svg

Colonialism • Encomienda System: grants from Spanish crown that gave natives to Europeans; Europeans were responsible for the natives, were to Christianize them, and could use them as forced labor http: //3. bp. blogspot. com/-il. KQHtx. EDf. M/USvb. S-94 r 0 I/AAAABFo/tcolhts 4 fk/s 1600/encomienda. jpg

Morality of Conquest • Bartolome de Las Casas • Juan Gines de Sepulveda Former conquistardo turned Christian Aristotle’s definition of the “barbarian” and the natural slave did not apply to the Indians, who were fully capable of reason and should be brought to Christianity without force or coercion Once a conquistador always a conquistador “Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus. ” The natives are as “children to parents, as women are to men, as cruel people are from mild people. ”

Labor • Fundamental Goal for Europeans: mnke money • Gold and silver • Agriculture Cash Crops (sugar cane, tobacco, cotton) http: //3. bp. blogspot. com/MXSVr 88 PBis/Upkq. MFy. MXd. I/AAAAOmk/PVYo. Nhh. LVOg/s 160 0/es_20071227_1_5049445_captured. jpg

Outcomes of Labor • Formation of “castas” • Power Players: The top of the pyramid • Peninsulares: people from the Iberian Peninsula, mostly men (85% from Spain!), made up the smallest and most powerful group • Creoles: people of full European descent born in the New World also had wealth and power

Multicultural Societies • New groups emerged in colonized lands. • Few European women lived in the New World mixed marriages and sexual exploitation were common. • • Europeans - conquerors and migrants Indians - conquered, indigenous peoples Africans – slaves Peninsulares: Colonists born in Europe Creoles: Colonists born in Americas of European parents Mestizos: European + indigenous Mulattos: European + African Zambos: indigenous + African

Sociedad de castas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Peninsulares Europeans Creole Europeans Mestizos Mulattos Indians Zambos Free Africans (Negros) Slaves

Controlling the New Spanish Empire • Spanish kings established two viceroyalties (areas under the control of viceroys) • Mexico aka New Spain • Capital city Tenochtitlan became Mexico City • Peru aka New Castille • Brand new capital city Lima, located on the coast for convenience

New Spanish Empire, cont. • Viceroys were reviewed by courts called audiencias to keep them from becoming too powerful • Viceroys ruled in the name of the king • Audiencias ensured the Viceroy remained loyal to the king • Transportation and communication were difficult and so governing usually fell to local audiencias • All over Spanish America big cities and large estates grew