APPLIED ASPECTS Dr Ahrsia V F Department of

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APPLIED ASPECTS Dr. Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology 29/9/18

APPLIED ASPECTS Dr. Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology 29/9/18

TRANSPLANTATION • • Autograft Isograft Allograft Xenograft • Can transplant rejection be prevented? ?

TRANSPLANTATION • • Autograft Isograft Allograft Xenograft • Can transplant rejection be prevented? ?

• Cytotoxic drugs : Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate • Glucocorticoid therapy • Cyclosporine, tacrolimus,

• Cytotoxic drugs : Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate • Glucocorticoid therapy • Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, rapamycin • Monoclonal antibodies: Antilymphocytic globulin

Immunotherapy • Malignant diseases • Cellular immunotherapy LAK cells: lymphokine activated killer cells •

Immunotherapy • Malignant diseases • Cellular immunotherapy LAK cells: lymphokine activated killer cells • Cytokine therapy: interferon, IL-2 • Antibody therapy Monoclonal antibodies • Adjuvant therapy (Fruend’s adjuvent) Complete: killed tuberculin bacilli Incomplete: aluminium hydroxide

Immunological disorders

Immunological disorders

AUTOIMMUNITY Mechanisms • Hidden antigen/sequestered antigen • Mutation • Neoantigen • Cross reacting antigen

AUTOIMMUNITY Mechanisms • Hidden antigen/sequestered antigen • Mutation • Neoantigen • Cross reacting antigen • Unbalanced activity of helper T cell and suppressor T cell

AUTOIMMUNITY Common conditions: • Autoimmune anemia • Grave’s disease • Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus

AUTOIMMUNITY Common conditions: • Autoimmune anemia • Grave’s disease • Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus • Rheumatic fever

Allergy • Hyper-reactive responses to an antigen which is usually tolerated by others. •

Allergy • Hyper-reactive responses to an antigen which is usually tolerated by others. • Local allergy: • Systemic/Anaphylaxis:

HYPERSENSITIVITY • • • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ Ig. E mediated Type II/ antibody mediated

HYPERSENSITIVITY • • • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ Ig. E mediated Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity Type III/ immune complex mediated Type IV/ Delayed hypersensitivity Type V/ stimulatory

HYPERSENSITIVITY • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ Ig. E mediated • Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity

HYPERSENSITIVITY • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ Ig. E mediated • Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity Incompatible blood transfusion • Type III/ immune complex mediated Glomerulonephritis • Type IV/ Delayed hypersensitivity Tuberculin test • Type V/ stimulatory LATS

IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES Primary immunodeficiency • Humoral immune deficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia • Cellular immunedeficiencies Thymic

IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES Primary immunodeficiency • Humoral immune deficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia • Cellular immunedeficiencies Thymic hypoplasia/ Di George syndrome • Combined • Complement immune deficiency • Phagocytic disorders Secondary immunedeficiency • Acquired immunedeficiency disease(AIDS)

POLYCYTHEMIA Primary polycythemia Polycythemia vera Secondary polycythemia/erythrocytosis Appropriate increase • High altitude • Congenital

POLYCYTHEMIA Primary polycythemia Polycythemia vera Secondary polycythemia/erythrocytosis Appropriate increase • High altitude • Congenital heart disease with right to left shunt Inappropriate increase • Renal tumors, renal cyst • Liver tumors Relative polycythemia • Dehydration

LYMPH, LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

LYMPH, LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

LYMPH Transudate formed from blood in the tissue spaces. Formation:

LYMPH Transudate formed from blood in the tissue spaces. Formation:

Composition: • Protien : (2 -6 g/100 ml) • Fat : chyle • Carbohydrates:

Composition: • Protien : (2 -6 g/100 ml) • Fat : chyle • Carbohydrates: less than plasma • Cellular content: • Ions: • Water:

• Lymph capillaries/ initial lymphatics: https: //anatomybody 101. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/picture-of-lymphatic-system-lymphcaps 2. jpg

• Lymph capillaries/ initial lymphatics: https: //anatomybody 101. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/picture-of-lymphatic-system-lymphcaps 2. jpg

Collecting lymphatics/ large lymph vessels: • Thoracic duct • Right lymphatic duct

Collecting lymphatics/ large lymph vessels: • Thoracic duct • Right lymphatic duct

Lymphatic flow: • Intrinsic lymphatic pump Valves & smooth muscles • Pumping by external

Lymphatic flow: • Intrinsic lymphatic pump Valves & smooth muscles • Pumping by external compression Contraction of muscles/ organs Movements of different parts of body Arterial pulsations • Negative inthrathoracic pressure • Suction effect of higher velocity blood flow in veins in which lymphatics terminate. • Interstitial fluid pressure

Functions: • Prevents edema formation • Absorption of nutrients • Maintain protein content of

Functions: • Prevents edema formation • Absorption of nutrients • Maintain protein content of plasma • Role in defence mechanism

Pancreas Dr Ahrsia V F Department of PhysiologyPancreas Dr Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology
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