American Psychological Association APA Format v Now using

American Psychological Association (APA) Format v. Now using the 6 th edition v Used for: o o o Thesis Dissertation Paper/Journal Article Presentations/Posters Homework for this course ; ) o. Methods and results sections APA STYLE Focused on statistics For EDUC/PSY 6600

APA FORMAT: NUMBERS v IF: Number < 10 … THEN: write it out (“four” instead of 4) v Use zero “ 0” before decimal ( 0. 25 instead of. 25)

APA FORMAT: ABBREVIATIONS

APA FORMAT: ANALYSIS v Referencing analysis method? o common: no o Rare or new: yes v Descriptive statistics: o Abbreviations (spell out if not followed by stats) o OKAY: …scores were higher for males (M = 5, SD = 6)… o NOT: …the M was higher for males… v Inferential statistics : o Distributions, df, N (sometimes), tests statistics, p-values, effect size, … o t(32) = 4. 75, p < 0. 05, Cohen’s d = 0. 87

APA FORMAT: ANALYSIS EXAMPLES

APA FORMAT: ANALYSIS EXAMPLES

APA FORMAT: RESULTS v Results may presented as: text, tables, or figures v Rules of thumb: o TEXT if < 4 numbers/statistics o TABLE if 4 to 20 numbers/statistics o FIGURE if 20+ numbers/statistics v Pick the method that best communicates the results/message v Symbols & abbreviations o N vs. n o Italicized o See pages 141 -144 of APA publication manual (reading “AR 2” p 20 -23)

APA FORMAT: RESULTS EXAMPLES

APA FORMAT: RESULTS EXAMPLES

APA FORMAT: TABLES v Must be able to stand on its own v Number tables sequentially in text (Table 1, Table 2, ect. ) v Only 3 -4 tables per manuscript (different for theses/disertations) v Results Table types v Descriptive statistics for N or n (or both) v Inferential statistics for ANOVA, MLR, ect. v Both descriptive AND inferential info in the same table…USE HEADINGS to organize v Data not applicable: leave blank v Data not obtained/not computable: use a dash “--”

APA FORMAT: TABLES v Title (top) v Caption and Notes (bottom) o Descriptive o General Note o First Letter of Each Word in o Explains/qualifies info in table, symbols, CAPS abbreviations o No period at the end o No explanation for basic stats (M, SD, no. o Appears on row below “Table 1” N, n) o Specific Note o Title may be italicized o Begin on a new line, flush left o Define superscrits a, b, c o Probability note o Begin on a new line, flush left o * p < 0. 05, ** p < 0. 01, *** p < 0. 001, **** p < 0. 0001

APA FORMAT: TABLES EXAMPLES

APA FORMAT: TABLES EXAMPLES

APA FORMAT: FIGURES v Includes: charts, graphs, photos, drawings, images, ect. v Must stand on its own: simple BUT illustrates a point v Number tables sequentially in text (Figure 1, Figure 2, ect. ) v Caption o Appears below figure, immediately after “Figure 1” on same row o NOT a title, NOT capitalized o Brief, but descriptive explanation of figure o After 1 st sentence, add clarifying info v Legend o Same font style and size as in figure

APA FORMAT: FIGURES EXAMPLES