AIM AIM How did Johnsons Reconstruction plans change

AIM: AIM How did Johnson’s Reconstruction plans change American society?

Andrew Johnson as President • The irony of Andrew Johnson: • The 1 st Reconstruction president was a Southern Democrat & fervent white supremacist • Johnson was elected as VP in 1864 to balance Lincoln’s ticket • He was the only southern Senator to remain loyal to the Union & hated the South’s elite

• Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan: Plan • "amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution • ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) • state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted • States must declare secession illegal & ratify the 13 th Amendment • 13 th Amendment (Dec. 1865) “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. ”

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • What were some of the things former slaves would need after getting their freedom? • Created by the Radical Republicans (believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites) «Food, clothing, jobs, medical care to freed slaves and poor whites «“A Government which was lately fighting us with fire, and sword, and shell, now generously feeding our poor and distressed…” «One of the most important tasks was to set up schools for freed slaves in the South «By 1869, about 300, 000 African Americans attended bureau schools. «Most teachers were volunteer women from the North.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

“Many of the negroes. . . common plantation negroes, and day laborers in the towns and villages, were supporting little schools themselves. Everywhere I found them hoping to get their children into schools. I often noticed that workers in stores and men working in warehouses, and cart drivers on the streets, had spelling books with them, and were studying them during the time they were not working. Go outside any large town in the South, and walk among the negro housing, and you will see children and in many cases grown negroes, sitting in the sun alongside their cabins studying. " Source: Sidney Andrews quoted in the Joint Report on Reconstruction, 1866. The document above is an excerpt from a report by a Northern white man to the United States government in 1866. What does this excerpt tell you about African Americans’ reaction to their new freedom and the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

How does did prevailing racial How this political ad assumptions shape both show the animosity the cartoon and the towards the Freedman’s report? Bureau? What state is this from?

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes “Plenty to eat & nothing to do”

“Northern anxiety about an expanding government in the hands of those unwilling to work, who would enact welfare -type legislation to confiscate the property of the true workers in America. ” –Heather Cox Richardson, Harvard University January 1879 cartoon from Harper’s Weekly despicting “Mr. Solid South” writing out the straegy of racial resentment: The Blak man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites. ”

Southern states agreed to ban slavery, BUT… « Many Southern state governments still wanted to limit the rights of African Americans. « Revival of southern defiance! BLACK CODES

Black Codes While you watch: What were some effects of Black Codes on newly freed African Americans? VIDEO • Turn and Talk ACTIVITY: • Read through the Black codes and rank them worst to least worst. • Explain why your #1 is the worst.

Black Codes: A New Slavery? • Violence & discrimination against freedmen to limit their new-found freedom: • Used by southerners to keep former slaves from voting, getting jobs, buying land • 1, 000 s of blacks were murdered • U. S. army did not have enough troops to keep order in the South Ø Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. Ø They also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities. Ø Meant to keep African Americans from gaining political or economic power.

With ONE partner, analyze the chart to the left… What conclusions can you draw from this information in the RED BOXES? List and give an explanation for each one in your notebook.

Radical Reconstruction • Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, trumped Johnson by passing it its own Radical Reconstruction plan in 1867: • Allowed quick re-entry for states that supported black suffrage • Ex-Confederates couldn’t vote • And… Thaddeus Stevens the most influential of the “radical” Republicans; He opposed the Crittenden Compromise, led the impeachment charges against Johnson, & drafted the Radical Reconstruction plan used from 1867 to 1877

1866: Radical Republican Congress voted to OVERRIDE Johnson’s vetoes… Ø Also feared that Democrats could win over Congress soon, so they looked for a permanent solution to help ALL African Americans… • Defined the meaning of “citizenship” for anyone born in the United States • By defining citizens as anyone born in the United States, how did this Amendment create future conflict?

Reconstruction Amendments • The Constitution was changed to reflect the changes in gov’t and society following the Civil War • 13 th Amendment (Dec. 1865) = • • 14 th Amendment (July 1868) = • 15 th Amendment (Feb. 1869) = Abolishes slavery & frees slaves Citizenship to African Americans, equal protection clause Right to vote for ALL men • Think-Pair-Share: 1. What is the importance of each of these Amendments? Explain. 2. Is one more important than another? Explain.

Why would the military be sent to occupy the south? Soldiers sent to ensure protection for freed African Americans (esp. guarantee voting rights) RADICAL PLANS

Created 5 military districtswas to enforce acts But, Radical Reconstruction so dependent on massive & sustained federal aid that it was not adequate to enforce equality in the South… …and Johnson obstructed Republicans’ plans by removing sympathetic cabinet members & generals

TAKE A PICTURE of this slide! Impeachment of Johnson • Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868 by the RADICAL REPUBLICANS • His crime? • He violated the Tenure of Office Act – remove officials only with Senate approval – asked his Secretary of War to PEACE OUT! (Johnson thought he was a SPY) • It was designed to catch Johnson when he fired a Cabinet member • Johnson went on Trial in the Senate • He was NOT convicted! Therefore… • He was NOT removed from office.

Don’t Copy this slide! The Senate Trial « 11 week trial. « Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 s vote). « Served last few months, and was no longer president.

VIDEO

The 1868 Election VS.

Waving the Bloody Shirt! Revived gory memories of the Civil War; helped elect Ulysses S. Grant as President