APUSH RECONSTRUCTION 1 WHAT WAS RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction The
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APUSH RECONSTRUCTION
1. WHAT WAS RECONSTRUCTION?
Reconstruction The time period from 1865 -1877 that addressed 3 major issues… How the rebellious states would be readmitted to the Union? What the civil status of the Confederacy’s leaders would be? Jail? Could they vote? Could they hold office again? What the legal and Constitutional status of the Freedmen (freed slaves) would be?
2. WHAT WAS LINCOLN’S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION?
Lincoln’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction Full presidential pardons to MOST southerners who… Took oath of allegiance to Union and US Constitution Accepted emancipation of slaves (13 th Amendment) Ten Percent Plan President would recognize state governments once 10% of the white voters in that state took the loyalty oath State constitution had to be rewritten to accept abolition CONSIDERED LENIENT BY REPUBLICAN of slavery CONGRESS
3. WHAT WAS CONGRESS’ PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION?
Congress’ Plan Wade-Davis Bill 50% of voters had to take loyalty oath Anyone who had served in the Confederacy officially (soldier/politician) could NOT vote for new constitution that abolished slavery CONSIDERED TOO HARSH BY LINCOLN – HE POCKET VETOED IT
4. DID ANY RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES PASS BEFORE LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION?
Yes… Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865) under General Oliver Howard Welfare agency for those made destitute in war Food to 150, 000 daily (1/3 were white) Helped negotiate free labor contracts between white landowners and freed slaves Tried to get minimum wage for ex-slaves Start of sharecropping Greatest success: EDUCATION 3, 000 schools for freedmen 200, 000 freedmen learned how to read
5. WHAT ENDED THE POLITICAL STRUGGLE BETWEEN LINCOLN AND CONGRESS OVER RECONSTRUCTION?
Lincoln’s Assassination
6. WHO BECAME PRESIDENT AFTER LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION?
Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson Democrat from Tennessee Good for the North because… Only senator from Confederacy who remained loyal to Union Came from poor background; hated rich plantation owners Bad for the North because… He hated black people MORE than rich plantation owners
7. WHAT WAS JOHNSON’S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION?
President Johnson’s Plan Called Presidential Reconstruction Implement Lincoln’s Plan AND… Disenfranchise two groups Former Confederate leaders & officeholders Rich whites in South with more than $20, 000 in property Claimed right to grant individual pardons to anyone he pleased
8. WHY DID THE REPUBLICAN CONGRESS SOON HATE JOHNSON’S PLAN?
Congressional Objection… President Johnson pardoned nearly all Southerners, and many returned to power
9. WHAT POLICIES DID THE SOUTHERN STATES IMPLEMENT UNDER JOHNSON’S PLAN?
Policies Implemented by the South Pro-North Repudiated secession Ratified 13 th Amendment Pro-South Elected former Confederate leaders to office Denied voting rights to blacks Adopted “Black Codes”
10. WHAT WERE THE BLACK CODES?
Black Codes Prohibited blacks from renting or buying land Forced blacks to sign work contracts that prohibited their free movement Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court
11. HOW DID REPUBLICANS STOP JOHNSON'S PLAN?
Republicans won control of Congress in 1866 with more than a 2/3 majority Senate: 57 (R); 9 (D) House: 177 (R); 47 (D) What did this mean? ? ? Republicans could override ANY Presidential veto of their plans THIS MEANT CONGRESS WOULD DETERMINE RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES STARTS “RADICAL” OR “CONGRESSIONAL” RECONSTRUCTION
CHECK POINT: GET YOUR CLICKERS READY
At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners A. reluctantly supported the federal government B. were ready to plan a future uprising against the United States C. declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United States D. asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote E. still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just
In the postwar South A. the economy and social structure was utterly devastated B. the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequence C. the much-feared inflation never materialized D. industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourish E. poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery
President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction A. differed radically from Lincoln’s B. guaranteed former slaves the right to vote C. required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment D. established literacy tests for voting in the South E. aimed at swift restoration of the southern states after a few basic conditions were met
The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated A. the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress B. the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the Democrats C. President Lincoln’s desire for a harsh reconstruction plan D. that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the Union E. the Republicans’ fear of re-admitting Confederate leaders to Congress
In 1865, Southern A. whites quickly admitted they have been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independence B. whites rapidly turned their slaves into paid employees C. blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters D. blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity E. blacks looked to the federal government for help
In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised A. rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union B. former slaves the right to vote C. the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power D. severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders E. a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote
12. WHAT WAS “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION?
Radical Reconstruction The phase of Reconstruction that was controlled by Congress, which was dominated at the time by the “radical” Republicans 1866 -1876 Republicans dominated southern governments
13. WHO WERE THE LEADING “RADICAL” REPUBLICANS?
Radical Republican Leaders… Senate: Charles Sumner, Massachusetts House: Thaddeus Stevens, Pennsylvania
14. WHAT WAS THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE “RADICAL” REPUBLICANS?
Radical Republican Goals… They wanted to revolutionize (change) southern society by… Extending civil rights to freed slaves Educating blacks Redistributing land confiscated from Confederate plantation owners to freed blacks
15. WHAT PIECES OF LEGISLATION COMPRISED THE “RADICAL” REPUBLICAN PROGRAM?
Radical Republican Programs… A. B. C. D. E. F. Civil Rights Act of 1866 14 th Amendment Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Tenure of Office Act 15 th Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1875
A. Civil Rights Act of 1866 All African-Americans were legal citizens Said Black Codes were illegal IGNORED IN THE SOUTH; SO RADICALS LOOKED TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION
B. 14 th Amendment All persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens Obligated states to respect the rights of citizens by providing “equal protection of the laws” and “due process” Required enfranchisement of black males or state could lose proportional # of reps and electoral votes
C. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 10 southern states divided into 5 military districts US Army registered voters for election of delegates to constitutional convention Enfranchised all males 21 or older New state constitutions had to… Grant equal civil and political rights regardless of race Ratified Fourteenth Amendment
D. Tenure of Office Act Prohibited the President from removing federal official without Congressional approval Passed to protect “radical” Republicans in Johnson’s Cabinet (like Secretary of War Stanton) President Johnson removes Stanton President Johnson impeached by Congress Tried in Senate “radicals” fell 1 vote short of removing him
E. 15 th Amendment Prohibited any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote based upon “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
F. Civil Rights Act of 1875 Provisions… Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places Prohibited exclusion of blacks from juries Success? ? ? ◦ NO… Poorly enforced Democrats gaining power in Congress (majority by 1875)
16. WHO COMPRISED THE REPUBLICAN STATE GOVERNMENTS DURING “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION?
Scalawags & Carpetbaggers Scalawags: southern Republicans Tended to be former Whigs; who wanted economic development and industrialization Carpetbaggers: northern Republicans Investors Missionaries Teachers Corrupt profit seekers
17. DID ANY AFRICAN AMERICANS GET ELECTED TO THE US CONGRESS DURING RECONSTRUCTION?
Yes… Senate (2) Hiram Revels: Mississippi; took Jefferson Davis’ seat Blanche Bruce House (12)
Hiram Revels
18. WAS “RADICAL” REPUBLICAN (CONGRESSIONAL) RECONSTRUCTION A SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
Success or Failure? ? ? Successes: Universal male suffrage Promoted building of infrastructure Asylums for handicapped State-run public schools Overhauled tax system Failures: CORRUPTION Politicians took many bribes BUT: THIS WAS HAPPENING IN THE NORTH TOO
19. WHAT DID THE FREED BLACKS DO TO ESTABLISH INDEPENDENCE FROM WHITE CONTROL?
Independence… Established independent black churches Negro Baptist Church African Methodist Episcopal Church Established independent schools Established independent black colleges Howard, Fisk, and Morehouse
20. HOW DID MOST BLACKS EARN A LIVING AFTER SLAVERY?
Sharecropping… Landlord (white) provided seed and tools while sharecropper (black) gave landlord 50% of harvest (typically) Problem… By having to pay 50% of crop to landlord, sharecropper never had enough left over to make substantial profit (if any)
Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Land Owner § Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. § Plants crop, harvests in autumn. § Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. § Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. § Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. § Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. § Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.
21. WHAT WAS THE NORTH LIKE DURING RECONSTRUCTION?
Corruption, Corruption Credit Mobilier Affair Railroad investors were stealing government money which was supposed to finance the railroad Investors bribed Congressmen with free shares of railroad stock William “Boss” Tweed Stole tax money from NYC public ($200 million) Exposed by The New York Times and Thomas Nast Panic of 1873 Overproduction, under consumption = depression Called for paper money (Greenbacks) is denied
Boss Tweed
Boss Tweed
22. WHO WAS ELECTED IN 1868?
Ulysses S. Grant Republican Won only 300, 000 more popular votes 500, 000 blacks voted for him THUS: most whites did NOT vote for him
23. HOW DID SOUTHERN WHITES (REDEEMERS) FIGHT “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION?
Mississippi Plan… “persuade” or intimidate… White Republicans to vote Democrat
24. WHAT WAS THE PRINCIPLE GROUP THAT IMPLEMENTED THE MISSISSIPPI PLAN?
Ku Klux Klan… Founded 1867 by Nathan Bedford Forrest Congress passed Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 to crush Klan power
25. WHAT OFFICIALLY ENDED RECONSTRUCTION?
The Compromise of 1877… Election of 1876 ◦ Tilden (Democrat) vs. Hayes (Republican) Tilden carries 4 northern states and all southern states except the three states which were not reconstructed (SC, FL, and LA) Republicans claim blacks intimidated into not voting in those states All 3 given to Hayes Democrats refuse to concede, Congress split Electoral commission says Hayes wins!!!
26. WHAT WAS IN THE COMPROMISE OF 1877?
Compromise of 1877… Republicans Hayes got Presidency Democrats $ to rebuild levees on lower Mississippi River $ for southern transcontinental Railroad Southerner as Postmaster General Withdrawal of remaining federal troops from South
CHECK POINT: GET YOUR CLICKERS READY
______ believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, “conquered provinces” that had to seek readmission on whatever terms Congress demanded. A. B. C. D. E. War Democrats The Supreme Court President Lincoln President Johnson Congressional Republicans
The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed A. citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves B. land former slaves C. voting rights former Confederates who had previously served in the US Army D. freed slaves the right to vote E. education to former slaves
Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when A. the South accepted the 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments B. the last federal troops were removed in 1877 C. President Johnson was not reelected in 1868 D. the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try civilians E. blacks showed they could defend their rights without federal intervention
The last of the Reconstruction era amendments to pass was the A. B. C. D. E. Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Eighteenth
The Ku Klux Klan could best be described as A. B. C. D. an attempt to revive the Confederacy the military arm of the southern Democratic party a civic reform and service organization a movement for openly protesting northern oppression E. a secret terrorist organization
In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant A. transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote B. owed his victory to the votes of former slaves C. gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites D. demonstrated his political skill E. all of these
The Compromise of 1877 resulted in A. a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the South B. the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South C. the election of a Democrat to the presidency D. Republican support for an inflationary slivermoney policy E. a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad
In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with A. protecting the powers of the southern state governments established under Andrew Johnson B. protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves C. ending slavery D. guaranteeing all citizens the right to vote E. establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau
All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures EXCEPT the A. enactment of Black Codes by southern legislatures B. outbreak of race riots in New Orleans and Memphis C. massive exodus of former slaves from the South D. election of former Confederates to Congress E. response of southern legislatures to the 14 th Amendment
During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the A. B. C. D. E. creation of large commercial and banking centers spread of sharecropping rise of large-scale commercial farming decline of the textile industry emergence of the cotton economy
Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction? A. the passage of the Black Codes B. a permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party C. the creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states D. the formation of the Ku Klux Klan E. widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves
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