8 5 Translation Activate Prior Knowledge What is

8. 5 Translation Activate Prior Knowledge What is the nature of a code? Compare a coded message to a computer code. How are these codes the same, and how are they different? Both require translation of information. However, the coded message reproduces the same information, whereas computer code produces actions—operational commands. Translation of RNA into protein is more like what happens with a computer code. The information encoded in nucleic acids becomes functioning proteins.

8. 5 Translation FLT • Describe how m. RNA codons are translated into amino acids. • Summarize the process of protein synthesis.

8. 5 Translation KEY CONCEPT Translation converts an m. RNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.

8. 5 Translation Amino acids are coded by m. RNA base sequences. • Translation converts m. RNA messages into polypeptides. • A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. codon for methionine (Met) codon for leucine (Leu)

8. 5 Translation • The genetic code matches each codon to its amino acid or function. The genetic code matches each RNA codon with its amino acid or function. – three stop codons – one start codon, codes for methionine

8. 5 Translation Amino acids are linked to become a protein. • An anticodon is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an m. RNA codon. • An anticodon is carried by a t. RNA.

8. 5 Translation Power Notes Reading frame: series of three nonoverlapping nucleotides read, in order, by a cell; three different reading frames are possible for each m. RNA molecule; codons must be read in the correct reading frame for the correct protein to be made Start codon: signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine Ribosome: the site of protein synthesis; made of r. RNA and proteins; catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids • Large subunit: binds to t. RNA • Small subunit: binds to m. RNA

8. 5 Translation • A change in the order in which codons are read changes the resulting protein. • Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same amino acid.

8. 5 Translation Power Notes Codon: three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid Anticodon: three nucleotides on a t. RNA molecule that bind to a complementary m. RNA codon Common language: the genetic code is shared by almost all organisms

8. 5 Translation Power Notes • Stop codon: three codons that signal the end of a chain of amino acids • Transfer RNA (t. RNA): type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome; one end has a specific anticodon, the other end attaches to a specific amino acid

8. 5 Translation • Ribosomes consist of two subunits. – The large subunit has three binding sites for t. RNA. – The small subunit binds to m. RNA.

8. 5 Translation • For translation to begin, t. RNA binds to a start codon and signals the ribosome to assemble. – A complementary t. RNA molecule binds to the exposed codon, bringing its amino acid close to the first amino acid.

8. 5 Translation Power Notes 1. amino acid 2. peptide bond 3. large ribosomal subunit 4. t. RNA 5. codons 6. small ribosomal subunit 7. m. RNA 8. anticodon

8. 5 Translation – The ribosome helps form a polypeptide bond between the amino acids. – The ribosome pulls the m. RNA strand the length of one codon.

8. 5 Translation – The now empty t. RNA molecule exits the ribosome. – A complementary t. RNA molecule binds to the next exposed codon. – Once the stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the protein and disassembles.

8. 5 Translation Power Notes Process 1. ribosome assembles at the start codon; complementary t. RNA molecule pairs with the exposed codon 2. ribosome helps bond the new amino acid to the start codon and breaks the bond between the amino acid and the first t. RNA 3. ribosome pulls the m. RNA strand the length of one codon; first t. RNA returns to the cytoplasm; another codon is exposed for t. RNA binding