Unit Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NEW SECTION IN
- Slides: 76
Unit: Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NEW SECTION IN YOUR NOTEBOOK!
Aim: How can we distinguish the differences in the layers of the Earth? DO NOW • Discussion: How is it possible that Earth can be made up into different layers?
Earth’s Interior Composed of different zones due to DENSITY – Crust, Mantle, Core – Lithosphere, Asthenosphere (Before Earth solidified, DENSE material sank to the middle and LESS DENSE material rose to the top)
ESRT Page 10 Turn to this page as we zoom into each of the layers Take note, what information is included here and what information do you need to study?
The Crust THIN and SOLID outermost layer Includes both dry land ocean floor
The Mantle Layer between Earth’s crust and core Divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere Lithosphere Upper part of mantle (solid) Asthenosphere Lower part of mantle (So hot, the rocks can flow like PLASTIC)
Core • Central part of Earth, divided into inner and outer core (Composed of IRON and NICKEL) Inner Core Dense ball of solid metal Outer Core Layer of molten metal that surrounds inner core YELLOW Outer Core SILVER Inner Core
Core The movement of liquid in the outer core creates Earth’s Magnetic Field
Mo. Ho • SMALL boundary between the crust and mantle
Evidence ! Rock Samples – (Direct) Scientists drill deep inside Earth to make observations
How far do you think we have drilled into Earth? ? ? ? ? ? ?
How far do you think we have drilled into Earth? • 7. 7 miles or 40, 603 feet (15 times height of tallest skyscraper on Earth) • Chayvo Oil Field – Well Z-44
Evidence ! • Seismic Waves – (Indirect) Scientists measure the speed that waves from Earthquakes travel through Earth to make inferences
PLICKERS
Task and HW NEW PACKET Task Page 1 ( DURING CLASS) HW Page 2
Aim: How can we analyze an earthquake? Plickers!
Earthquakes A sudden movement of the ground when rocks release energy and move along a fault
Energy Earthquakes release energy in the form of P-Waves and S-Waves
P-Wave • Primary Wave • Movement is back and forth • CAN travel through solids, liquids, and gas
S- Wave • • Secondary Wave Movement is up and down CAN travel ONLY through solids Usually more destructive
Calculating Earthquake Times Focus – the location deep within the Earth where the earthquake actually happened. Epicenter – the location on the Earth’s surface above where the earthquake happened 21
Shadow Zones • Earthquakes release both P and S waves • P waves refract (bend) as they pass through each layer • S waves can only pass through solids
Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 23
Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 24
Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 25
Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 26
Seismograph 27
1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 1: How long does it take a P-wave to travel 4, 000 km? Answer: 7 minutes
1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 2: How long does it take an S-wave to travel 4, 000 km? Answer: 12 min 40 sec
1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 3: How long does it take a P-wave to travel 8, 000 km? Answer: 11 min 20 sec
1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 4: How long does it take an S-wave to travel 8, 000 km? Answer: 20 min 40 sec
2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 5: How far can an S-wave travel in 9 minutes? Answer: 2, 600 km
2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 6: How far can an P-wave travel in 9 minutes? Answer: 5, 600 km
2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 7: How far can an S-wave travel in 6 minutes 40 seconds? Answer: 1, 800 km
2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 8: How far can a P-wave travel in 6 minutes 40 seconds? Answer: 3, 700 km
8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis.
8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 19: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 10: 00. The first S -wave arrived at the same seismic station at 10: 08: 40. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? 10: 08: 40 - 10: 00 00: 08: 40
8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 19: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 10: 00. The first S-wave arrived at the same seismic station at 10: 08: 40. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? Answer: 7, 200 km
8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 20: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 06: 32: 20. The first S-wave arrived at the same seismic station at 06: 34: 20. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? 06: 34: 20 - 06: 32: 20 00: 02: 00
8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 20: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 06: 32: 20. The first Swave arrived at the same seismic station at 06: 34: 20. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? Answer: 1, 200 km
Mapping We use a compass to help draw circles around seismograph stations
Triangulation We can use 3 circles to help find a possible epicenter
Why do we need more than 2 circles to find the epicenter?
Why do we need more than 2 circles to find the epicenter? Possible Location #1 Possible Location #2 We need ONE possible location!
Epicenter Maps
What happens if your circle do not match one single point?
What happens if your circle do not match one single point? The AREA is the possible location
Aim: What is a hot spot? Get your Plicker ! If you do NOT have yours please tell me now so I can write down which ones are missing
Hot Spots A volcanic mountain located away from a plate boundary and over a mantle plume
Does anyone know the names of any famous hot spots?
Famous Hot Spots • Pompeii, Italy • Krakatoa, Indonesia • Yellowstone National Park
Mantle Plume Column of solid, hot material that rises from the mantle and reaches Earth’s surface
Hot Spot Movement 1. Mantle Plumes remain stationary 2. Plates above mantle plumes move ! 3. New volcanoes form over original mantle plume
Which island is youngest ? Why? A B C
Which island is youngest ? Why? A B C C - It is right over the mantle plume and is presently active
Which island is oldest? Why? A B C
Which island is oldest? Why? A B C A - It is far away from the mantle plume and is presently dormant
Where around the world do we find A LOT of earthquakes and volcanoes?
Ring of Fire Area with multiple plate boundaries Common to find volcanoes and earthquakes
How destructive can it get? • Earthquakes are rated on 2 scales – Richter Scale – Modified Mercalli Scale (More Common Now)
Richter Scale Measures seismic waves to produce a magnitude of the earthquake
Modified Mercalli Scale More Common Uses observations to produce an intensity number
The greatest earthquake hazard occurs to homes built on which Earth surface?
The greatest earthquake hazard occurs to homes built on which Earth surface? SILT AND MUD – LOOK AT THE INTENSITY
Which scale do you think our society currently uses most?
Modified Mercalli No need to copy this slide We use this most because of the way it describes intensity
Emergency Preparedness What are some dangers from an earthquake?
EP – Before Earthquake • Write down 2 from the list below • Keep a supply of canned food, water bottles, batteries, flashlights etc… • Learn how to turn off gas, water, and electricity in your home • Open communication about your family’s plan • Find safe places in your home (usually away from windows, bookcases, etc. . That could fall on you • Access to the radio for emergency information
EP- During Earthquake • Stay calm, between tremors (few seconds) you can move to find safe spaces (move as little as possible) • Indoors- Protect yourself from falling debris (under desk or under doorway-your safe space) • Car – move away from tall buildings, tunnels, power lines or bridges • Car – stay in car until tremors stop, unless unsafe to do so • PROTECT YOUR HEAD
EP- After Earthquake • Check yourself for injuries before helping others • Wear shoes when walking near broken glass • Avoid downed power lines or anything touching a downed power line • Return home only when authorities say it is safe to do so • Fire is the most common hazard • Be prepared for AFTERSHOCKS – Cover your head !
More Information? http: //www. redcross. org/get-help/howto-prepare-for-emergencies/types-ofemergencies/earthquake#After This link will be sent out in Remind App
Natural Hazards due to Earthquakes Fires and TSUNAMIS Does this look realistic ?
Tsunami • Series of giant ocean waves • MOST tsunamis only cause waves to rise 10 feet • Effects: Extreme flooding and destruction https: //www. youtu be. com/watch? v=o Wzdg. BNfh. QU
MEGATSUNAMI July 9 th, 1958 – Wave Height 1720 Feet https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y. N 6 Eg MMrhd. I
Task • Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics HW Packet DUE 5/2 • EXAM 5/2 • Make-Up Lab TODAY during lunch • 236 (This room will only be open for makeup lab students)
- Continental drift vs plate tectonics theory
- Compare continental drift and plate tectonics
- Plate tectonics
- Plate tectonic theory vs continental drift
- Oreo cookies and plate tectonics
- Oreo objectives
- Chapter 8 section 1 what are earthquakes answer key
- Plate tectonics vs continental drift
- Convergent boundary with subduction
- Plate motion calculator
- Plate tectonics theory states that
- Plate tectonics webquest answer
- Inner core vocabulary
- Continental drift vs plate tectonics theory
- Plate tectonics definition
- Driving force of plate tectonics
- What is this process called
- Summarize the theory of plate tectonics
- Harry hess and seafloor spreading
- Mantle magma
- Blank plate tectonics map worksheet
- Pangaea
- The ocean floor revealing plate tectonics
- Chapter 10 plate tectonics
- Plate tectonics definition apes
- Francis bacon plate tectonics
- Plate tectonics interactive lab
- Converging continental plate and oceanic plate oreo
- Layers of the earth song lyrics
- Lithosphere definition
- Plate tectonics game board
- Unifying theory of plate tectonics
- Candy bar tectonics
- Plate tectonics
- Plate tectonics
- Plate tectonics
- Plate tectonics
- San andreas fault
- Boundaries of plate tectonics
- Juan de fuca plate
- Earth rotation
- Future plate tectonics
- Theory of plate tectonics
- Strombolian eruption
- Layers of the earth jeopardy
- Kesler science plate boundaries
- Chapter 8 plate tectonics
- Chapter 8 plate tectonics
- In what section of earth do earthquakes happen
- Pour plate method vs spread plate method
- Chapter 8 earthquakes and volcanoes
- Chapter 8 earthquakes and earth's interior
- Chapter 8 earthquakes and earth's interior answer key
- Spread plate vs pour plate
- Pour plate vs streak plate
- A denser oceanic plate collides with a continental plate
- Btn earthquakes
- Positive effects of earthquakes
- Http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/
- A large crack in the earth formed by a river or earthquakes
- Chapter 19 earthquakes
- Why some earthquakes cause more damage than others
- Frequent earthquakes in an area may indicate *
- Earthquakes
- Chapter 8 quiz 1
- Earthquakes
- Mass wasting processes
- Elastic rebound theory
- Why do earthquakes occur
- Do earthquakes happen
- Pearson education
- Richter scale
- The point on the ground directly above the focus
- Diastrophism
- 10 causes of earthquakes
- Liquefaction occurs when seismic waves cause __________.
- Types of earthquakes