Unit Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NEW SECTION IN

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Unit: Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NEW SECTION IN YOUR NOTEBOOK!

Unit: Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NEW SECTION IN YOUR NOTEBOOK!

Aim: How can we distinguish the differences in the layers of the Earth? DO

Aim: How can we distinguish the differences in the layers of the Earth? DO NOW • Discussion: How is it possible that Earth can be made up into different layers?

Earth’s Interior Composed of different zones due to DENSITY – Crust, Mantle, Core –

Earth’s Interior Composed of different zones due to DENSITY – Crust, Mantle, Core – Lithosphere, Asthenosphere (Before Earth solidified, DENSE material sank to the middle and LESS DENSE material rose to the top)

ESRT Page 10 Turn to this page as we zoom into each of the

ESRT Page 10 Turn to this page as we zoom into each of the layers Take note, what information is included here and what information do you need to study?

The Crust THIN and SOLID outermost layer Includes both dry land ocean floor

The Crust THIN and SOLID outermost layer Includes both dry land ocean floor

The Mantle Layer between Earth’s crust and core Divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere Lithosphere

The Mantle Layer between Earth’s crust and core Divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere Lithosphere Upper part of mantle (solid) Asthenosphere Lower part of mantle (So hot, the rocks can flow like PLASTIC)

Core • Central part of Earth, divided into inner and outer core (Composed of

Core • Central part of Earth, divided into inner and outer core (Composed of IRON and NICKEL) Inner Core Dense ball of solid metal Outer Core Layer of molten metal that surrounds inner core YELLOW Outer Core SILVER Inner Core

Core The movement of liquid in the outer core creates Earth’s Magnetic Field

Core The movement of liquid in the outer core creates Earth’s Magnetic Field

Mo. Ho • SMALL boundary between the crust and mantle

Mo. Ho • SMALL boundary between the crust and mantle

Evidence ! Rock Samples – (Direct) Scientists drill deep inside Earth to make observations

Evidence ! Rock Samples – (Direct) Scientists drill deep inside Earth to make observations

How far do you think we have drilled into Earth? ? ? ? ?

How far do you think we have drilled into Earth? ? ? ? ? ? ?

How far do you think we have drilled into Earth? • 7. 7 miles

How far do you think we have drilled into Earth? • 7. 7 miles or 40, 603 feet (15 times height of tallest skyscraper on Earth) • Chayvo Oil Field – Well Z-44

Evidence ! • Seismic Waves – (Indirect) Scientists measure the speed that waves from

Evidence ! • Seismic Waves – (Indirect) Scientists measure the speed that waves from Earthquakes travel through Earth to make inferences

PLICKERS

PLICKERS

Task and HW NEW PACKET Task Page 1 ( DURING CLASS) HW Page 2

Task and HW NEW PACKET Task Page 1 ( DURING CLASS) HW Page 2

Aim: How can we analyze an earthquake? Plickers!

Aim: How can we analyze an earthquake? Plickers!

Earthquakes A sudden movement of the ground when rocks release energy and move along

Earthquakes A sudden movement of the ground when rocks release energy and move along a fault

Energy Earthquakes release energy in the form of P-Waves and S-Waves

Energy Earthquakes release energy in the form of P-Waves and S-Waves

P-Wave • Primary Wave • Movement is back and forth • CAN travel through

P-Wave • Primary Wave • Movement is back and forth • CAN travel through solids, liquids, and gas

S- Wave • • Secondary Wave Movement is up and down CAN travel ONLY

S- Wave • • Secondary Wave Movement is up and down CAN travel ONLY through solids Usually more destructive

Calculating Earthquake Times Focus – the location deep within the Earth where the earthquake

Calculating Earthquake Times Focus – the location deep within the Earth where the earthquake actually happened. Epicenter – the location on the Earth’s surface above where the earthquake happened 21

Shadow Zones • Earthquakes release both P and S waves • P waves refract

Shadow Zones • Earthquakes release both P and S waves • P waves refract (bend) as they pass through each layer • S waves can only pass through solids

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 23

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 23

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 24

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 24

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 25

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 25

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 26

Ms. Hartnett's Earth Science 26

Seismograph 27

Seismograph 27

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 1: How long does it take a P-wave to travel 4, 000 km? Answer: 7 minutes

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 2: How long does it take an S-wave to travel 4, 000 km? Answer: 12 min 40 sec

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 3: How long does it take a P-wave to travel 8, 000 km? Answer: 11 min 20 sec

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for

1) If you are asked the travel time of a P-wave or S-wave for a given epicenter distance: a) Go to the epicenter distance on the x-axis and go up to the correct curve, b) Go over to the y-axis and determine the travel time. Example 4: How long does it take an S-wave to travel 8, 000 km? Answer: 20 min 40 sec

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 5: How far can an S-wave travel in 9 minutes? Answer: 2, 600 km

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 6: How far can an P-wave travel in 9 minutes? Answer: 5, 600 km

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 7: How far can an S-wave travel in 6 minutes 40 seconds? Answer: 1, 800 km

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled

2) If you are asked for the epicenter distance a P-wave or S-wave traveled for a given travel time: a) Go to the travel time on the y-axis and go over to the correct curve, b) Go down to the x-axis to determine the epicenter distance. Example 8: How far can a P-wave travel in 6 minutes 40 seconds? Answer: 3, 700 km

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis.

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 19: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 10: 00. The first S -wave arrived at the same seismic station at 10: 08: 40. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? 10: 08: 40 - 10: 00 00: 08: 40

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 19: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 10: 00. The first S-wave arrived at the same seismic station at 10: 08: 40. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? Answer: 7, 200 km

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 20: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 06: 32: 20. The first S-wave arrived at the same seismic station at 06: 34: 20. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? 06: 34: 20 - 06: 32: 20 00: 02: 00

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in

8) If you are asked to determine the epicenter distance using the difference in arrival time of P-wave and S-wave: a) Find the difference in clock time between the P-wave and S-wave by subtracting the given times. b) Use the Y-axis (time travel) and use a piece of scrap paper to mark the time difference. c) Place the marked scrap paper between the P-wave and S-wave line on the graph. Slide the scrap paper along the graph to find the location that the interval is touching both P-wave and S-wave line. d) Determine the epicenter distance of this location using the X-axis. Example 20: The first P-wave arrived at a seismic station at 06: 32: 20. The first Swave arrived at the same seismic station at 06: 34: 20. How far is this seismic station from the epicenter? Answer: 1, 200 km

Mapping We use a compass to help draw circles around seismograph stations

Mapping We use a compass to help draw circles around seismograph stations

Triangulation We can use 3 circles to help find a possible epicenter

Triangulation We can use 3 circles to help find a possible epicenter

Why do we need more than 2 circles to find the epicenter?

Why do we need more than 2 circles to find the epicenter?

Why do we need more than 2 circles to find the epicenter? Possible Location

Why do we need more than 2 circles to find the epicenter? Possible Location #1 Possible Location #2 We need ONE possible location!

Epicenter Maps

Epicenter Maps

What happens if your circle do not match one single point?

What happens if your circle do not match one single point?

What happens if your circle do not match one single point? The AREA is

What happens if your circle do not match one single point? The AREA is the possible location

Aim: What is a hot spot? Get your Plicker ! If you do NOT

Aim: What is a hot spot? Get your Plicker ! If you do NOT have yours please tell me now so I can write down which ones are missing

Hot Spots A volcanic mountain located away from a plate boundary and over a

Hot Spots A volcanic mountain located away from a plate boundary and over a mantle plume

Does anyone know the names of any famous hot spots?

Does anyone know the names of any famous hot spots?

Famous Hot Spots • Pompeii, Italy • Krakatoa, Indonesia • Yellowstone National Park

Famous Hot Spots • Pompeii, Italy • Krakatoa, Indonesia • Yellowstone National Park

Mantle Plume Column of solid, hot material that rises from the mantle and reaches

Mantle Plume Column of solid, hot material that rises from the mantle and reaches Earth’s surface

Hot Spot Movement 1. Mantle Plumes remain stationary 2. Plates above mantle plumes move

Hot Spot Movement 1. Mantle Plumes remain stationary 2. Plates above mantle plumes move ! 3. New volcanoes form over original mantle plume

Which island is youngest ? Why? A B C

Which island is youngest ? Why? A B C

Which island is youngest ? Why? A B C C - It is right

Which island is youngest ? Why? A B C C - It is right over the mantle plume and is presently active

Which island is oldest? Why? A B C

Which island is oldest? Why? A B C

Which island is oldest? Why? A B C A - It is far away

Which island is oldest? Why? A B C A - It is far away from the mantle plume and is presently dormant

Where around the world do we find A LOT of earthquakes and volcanoes?

Where around the world do we find A LOT of earthquakes and volcanoes?

Ring of Fire Area with multiple plate boundaries Common to find volcanoes and earthquakes

Ring of Fire Area with multiple plate boundaries Common to find volcanoes and earthquakes

How destructive can it get? • Earthquakes are rated on 2 scales – Richter

How destructive can it get? • Earthquakes are rated on 2 scales – Richter Scale – Modified Mercalli Scale (More Common Now)

Richter Scale Measures seismic waves to produce a magnitude of the earthquake

Richter Scale Measures seismic waves to produce a magnitude of the earthquake

Modified Mercalli Scale More Common Uses observations to produce an intensity number

Modified Mercalli Scale More Common Uses observations to produce an intensity number

The greatest earthquake hazard occurs to homes built on which Earth surface?

The greatest earthquake hazard occurs to homes built on which Earth surface?

The greatest earthquake hazard occurs to homes built on which Earth surface? SILT AND

The greatest earthquake hazard occurs to homes built on which Earth surface? SILT AND MUD – LOOK AT THE INTENSITY

Which scale do you think our society currently uses most?

Which scale do you think our society currently uses most?

Modified Mercalli No need to copy this slide We use this most because of

Modified Mercalli No need to copy this slide We use this most because of the way it describes intensity

Emergency Preparedness What are some dangers from an earthquake?

Emergency Preparedness What are some dangers from an earthquake?

EP – Before Earthquake • Write down 2 from the list below • Keep

EP – Before Earthquake • Write down 2 from the list below • Keep a supply of canned food, water bottles, batteries, flashlights etc… • Learn how to turn off gas, water, and electricity in your home • Open communication about your family’s plan • Find safe places in your home (usually away from windows, bookcases, etc. . That could fall on you • Access to the radio for emergency information

EP- During Earthquake • Stay calm, between tremors (few seconds) you can move to

EP- During Earthquake • Stay calm, between tremors (few seconds) you can move to find safe spaces (move as little as possible) • Indoors- Protect yourself from falling debris (under desk or under doorway-your safe space) • Car – move away from tall buildings, tunnels, power lines or bridges • Car – stay in car until tremors stop, unless unsafe to do so • PROTECT YOUR HEAD

EP- After Earthquake • Check yourself for injuries before helping others • Wear shoes

EP- After Earthquake • Check yourself for injuries before helping others • Wear shoes when walking near broken glass • Avoid downed power lines or anything touching a downed power line • Return home only when authorities say it is safe to do so • Fire is the most common hazard • Be prepared for AFTERSHOCKS – Cover your head !

More Information? http: //www. redcross. org/get-help/howto-prepare-for-emergencies/types-ofemergencies/earthquake#After This link will be sent out in Remind

More Information? http: //www. redcross. org/get-help/howto-prepare-for-emergencies/types-ofemergencies/earthquake#After This link will be sent out in Remind App

Natural Hazards due to Earthquakes Fires and TSUNAMIS Does this look realistic ?

Natural Hazards due to Earthquakes Fires and TSUNAMIS Does this look realistic ?

Tsunami • Series of giant ocean waves • MOST tsunamis only cause waves to

Tsunami • Series of giant ocean waves • MOST tsunamis only cause waves to rise 10 feet • Effects: Extreme flooding and destruction https: //www. youtu be. com/watch? v=o Wzdg. BNfh. QU

MEGATSUNAMI July 9 th, 1958 – Wave Height 1720 Feet https: //www. youtube. com/watch?

MEGATSUNAMI July 9 th, 1958 – Wave Height 1720 Feet https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y. N 6 Eg MMrhd. I

Task • Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics HW Packet DUE 5/2 • EXAM 5/2 •

Task • Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics HW Packet DUE 5/2 • EXAM 5/2 • Make-Up Lab TODAY during lunch • 236 (This room will only be open for makeup lab students)