Plate Tectonics EARTH STRUCTURE HEAT LAYERS OF THE

Plate Tectonics

EARTH STRUCTURE & HEAT

LAYERS OF THE EARTH • CRUST • MANTLE • OUTER CORE • INNER CORE

LAYERS OF THE EARTH CRUST Thin, outer layer of cooled, made solid rock

LAYERS OF THE EARTH MANTLE Thickest layer under the crust made of hot, plastic-like material

LAYERS OF THE EARTH OUTER CORE Located beneath the Mantle, and is the … Moving layer of liquid metal (iron/nickel) which causes the inner core to spin thus causing the Earth’s to act as a giant magnet

Earth’s Magnetic Field Causes this Protects the Earth from dangerous solar radiation.

Green - oxygen, up to 150 miles in altitude Red - oxygen, above 150 miles in altitude Blue - nitrogen, up to 60 miles in altitude Purple/violet - nitrogen, above 60 miles in altitude

LAYERS OF THE EARTH INNER CORE – INNER MOST LAYER MADE OF HOT, SOLID METAL (IRON AND NICKEL) THAT SPINS

Heat Transfer In The Earth

Earth’s Temperature • THE DEEPER DOWN, THE HOTTER IT GETS • THE CLOSER TO THE SURFACE, THE COOLER IT GETS

INTERNAL SOURCES OF THE EARTH’S HEAT • RESIDUAL HEAT – HEAT REMAINING FROM PLANET FORMATION • RADIOACTIVE HEAT – HEAT PRODUCED FROM THE DECAY OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE THE EARTH HEAT IS TRANSFERED TOWARDS THE SURFACE BY THE MOVEMENT OF HEATED ROCK IN CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE MANTLE

TRANSFER OF HEAT BY CONVECTION CURRENTS

THEORIES OF PLATE MOVEMENT T F I R D L A T N E ) N D I E T CON T HAPPEN A H W ( & S C I N O T C E T ) D E E T N A E P PL P A H T I Y (WH

THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT PROPOSED IN 1912 BY ALFRED WEGENER A GERMAN GEOLOGIST, METEOROLOGIST AND EXPLORER

THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT 1) ALL CONTINENTS WERE ONCE JOINED TOGETHER IN A SUPERCONTINENT CALLED PANGAEA

2) PANGAEA BROKE INTO TWO MAJOR PIECES CALLED: • LAURASIA • GONDWANALAND

3) THE PLATES CONTINUE MOVING AROUND THE EARTH TODAY.

THE CAUSE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT WAS LATER EXPLAINED BY THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS

200 Million Years Ago

180 Million Years Ago - Jurassic TWO CONTINENTS

135 Million Years Ago - Cretaceous

65 Million Years Ago - Cenozoic

Present

50 Million Years in the Future

WHAT IS PLATE TECTONICS? TECTONICS THE FORMATION, MOVEMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF THE EARTH’S PLATES (LITHOSPHERE). LITHOSPHERE TECTONIC LAYERS 1) LITHOSPHERE 2) ASTHENOSPHERE

TECTONIC LAYERS THE LITHOSPHERE (EARTH’S PLATES) IS THE SOLID/RIGID LAYER OF THE EARTH THAT FORMS THE TECTONIC PLATES

THERE ARE 12 MAJOR PLATES, AND SEVERAL MINOR PLATES

TECTONIC LAYERS THE LITHOSPHERE RIDES ON AND IS MOVED AROUND BY THE ASTHENOSPHERE.

ASTHENOSPHERE: ASTHENOSPHERE LOCATED IN THE SOFTER, MANTLE WHERE CONVECTION CURRENTS MOVE THE LITHOSPHERIC PLATES AROUND

PLATE TECTONICS EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT 1) MATCHING ROCK LAYERS 2) MATCHING FOSSIL BEDS

PLATE TECTONICS EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT 3) FORCES SEEN AT WORK TODAY: VOLCANOES FAULTING CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES SUBDUCTION – ONE PLATE DIVING BENEATH ANOTHER PLATE

EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT -COAL FIELDS ALIGN -SHAPES ARE SIMILAR

EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT MESOSAURUS + OTHER ORGANISM FOSSILS ALIGN

Types of Tectonic Plates Oceanic – covered by water Continental – above water

PLATE BOUNDARIES – THE EDGES OF THE LITHOSPHERIC PLATES (TECTONIC PLATES) Tectonic Plate (Lithosphere)

PLATE BOUNDARIES TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES • DIVERGENT • CONVERGENT • TRANSFORM *THE TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARY IS DETERMINED BY WHAT IS HAPPENING THERE

PLATE BOUNDARY VOCABULARY DIVERGENT ROOT WORD: DIVERGE ASSOCIATED TERMS: TO MOVE AWAY OR PULL APART

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION: LITHOSPHERIC PLATES MOVE APART AND LAVA COOLS AND HARDENS IN THE CRACK

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY CAUSED BY: CONVECTION CURRENTS PUSHING THE PLATES APART COOLER CONVECTION HOTTER ROCK RISES ROCK SINKS CURRENTS COOLER HOTTER ROCK SINKS ROCK RISES HOTTER

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY rift valley

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

MIDATLANTIC RIDGE

PLATE BOUNDARY VOCABULARY CONVERGENT ROOT WORD: CONVERGE ASSOCIATED TERMS: COME TOGETHER, MEET

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES DESCRIPTION: PLATES ARE BEING PUSHED TOGETHER BY CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE ASTHENOSPHERE COOLER CONVECTION CURRENTS HOTTER

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES CAUSED BY: CONVECTION CURRENTS PUSHING THE PLATES TOGETHER COOLER CONVECTION CURRENTS HOTTER

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES Convergent collisions cause the plates to do two different things. 1) Subduction 2) Head-on Collision

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES SUBDUCTION One plate dives beneath another. Subduction forms: Deep ocean trenches Volcanoes *The area involved in subduction is called a Subduction Zone

SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcano volcano trench

SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcano volcano trench

SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcano volcano trench

SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcano volcano trench

SUBDUCTION ZONE volcano trench

Ocean Plate volcano trench

MARIANA TRENCH DEEPEST TRENCH IN THE WORLD – 36, 000+ FEET OLDEST OCEAN FLOOR CRUST YOUNGEST OCEAN FLOOR CRUST

DEEPEST TRENCH IN THE WORLD

DEEPEST TRENCH IN THE WORLD Trench Island Arc

MARIANA TRENCH

Example: CASCADE VOLCANOES (Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Hood, Mt. Rainer) JUAN DE FUCA PLATE SUBDUCTS UNDER THE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES Head-on Collisions The plates collide, head-on and form mountain ranges

LANDFORM MOUNTAINS: WHEN CONTINENTAL PLATES COLLIDE, THE ENDS OF THE PLATES MOVE UPWARD AND DOWNWARD

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

EXAMPLE: HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS WERE CAUSED BY THE INDIAN PLATE CRASHING INTO THE EURASIAN PLATE

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

PLATE BOUNDARY VOCABULARY TRANSFORM ROOT WORD: FORM ASSOCIATED TERMS: TO CHANGE OR MOVE BY EACH OTHER IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

PLATE BOUNDARY #3 TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES – PLATES SLIDE BY EACH OTHER MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

CAUSE CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE ASTHENOSPHERE ARE PUSHING THE PLATES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

LANDFORM CREATED A CRACK IN THE EARTH’S CRUST ALONG WHICH MOVEMENT OCCURS FAULT LINE IT’S YOUR FAULT!

LANDFORM CREATED BY A TRANSFORM BOUNDARY IS A: FAULT LINE

SAN ANDREAS FAULT IS A TRANSFORM BOUNDARY PACIFIC PLATE SLIDING NORTH AMERICAN PLATE SLIDING SOUTH

WHEN THERE ARE NO CONVECTION CURRENTS WHEN THE INSIDE OF THE EARTH COOLS AND HARDENS • PLATE MOVEMENT STOPS • MOUNTAIN BUILDING STOPS • VOLCANOES STOPS

Hot Spots • An extra hot area in the mantle that burns through the crust • Creates volcanoes

Hot Spots Examples: Hawaii and Yellowstone Park

Hawaii (Oceanic Hotspot) • Hot spot under Pacific Plate • Plate slowly moves over hotspot creating a chain of volcanic islands

Hawaii

Yellowstone Park (Continental Hotspot) • Hotspot under North American Plate • Plate slowly moves over hotspot

Yellowstone Park (Continental Hotspot)