Types of Exonyms in Slovene Language Drago Kladnik

Types of Exonyms in Slovene Language Drago Kladnik, Anton Melik Geographical Instutute of Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Milan Orožen Adamič, Anton Melik Geographical Instutute of Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts

In naturalizing geographical names, it is difficult to establish valid rules. It is necessary to consider: w w the function and role of international world atlases, the function of domestic school atlases, the function of scientific discussions and papers, the function of the everyday media and popular press.

Rules of Slovenian Orthography There is a kind of discrepancy between Slovenian Orthography rules and recommendations of UNGEGN about the use of exonyms. One word foreign geographical names officially written in Roman script as a rule retain original form. In spite of that following names are naturalized: w names of sovereign states, as well as many federal states and important, big landscapes, w names of continents, some well known islands and peninsulas, w names of oceans, seas, important rivers and some bigger lakes, w names of big mountain chains, important mountains and peaks, w names of some well known towns.

According to orthography of foreign geographical names consisted of two or more words name is mostly translated as a whole, if they are consisted of originally common components, otherwise only those parts of names which are common are translated. This group is consisted of: w w w names of sovereign states, names of some federal units and landscapes, names of parts of mainland, hydronyms, names of landscape forms - mountains, valleys, flatlands, lowlands, deserts, w names of some towns.

In naturalizing foreign geographical names there are some significant phases, depend upon different relations of Slovene language to political, economical and cultural reality in the world. w In the second half of 19 th century panslavonic tendencies are clearly visible. In that period numerous geographical names on ethnic mixed territories and their vicinity as a rule were written in one of slavonic languages; among them special important was a role of Czhech, Slovac and Polish language. w Later, towards the end of 19 th and at the beginning of 20 th century the influence of German language was important. w After World war I. the role of Serbian language and through it indirectly Russian language gained importance. w Before the World war II. and during the war influence of Italian language increased. w After the war influence of English language became predominant what is specially emphasized in the period of information globalisation.

http: //www. sigov. si/kszi/ang/exonyms. pdf Internet version of the List of Foreign Geographical Names in Slovene Language is shortened and cleaned version with about 3000 names only. List contains only those exonyms and some endonyms from neighbouring countries, whose usage is obligatory or recommended: w A - the use of those names is obligatory, w B - the use of those names is recommended. Further groups, which are available in written version of elaborate, are: w C - the use of those names is less recomended, w D - the use of those names is not recomended or not necessary, w E - the use of those names is inappropriate. In analysis are elaborated only differently written exonyms, because in Slovene language there is pretty numerous group of foreign geographical names which are written wholly in the original form, however there are differences in pronunciation.

The name class defines the class of exonym relative to its descriptive significant feature. Included in the simplified version are: w w w w continents, regions, historical regions, administrative units, historical administrative units, settlements, historical settlements, parts of settlements, w w w w oronyms, continental hydronyms, maritime hydronyms, coastal relief forms, island relief forms, submarine relief forms, paysages, inclusive category other (i. e. karst caves, deltas, reservoirs, traffic arteries, etc. ).

01 Slovene names - endonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Gradišče Ital. settlement 01 -A Gradec Gradisca d'Isonzo Graz Germ. settlement 01 -A Bela Vellach Germ. river 01 -A

02 translated exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Antili Antillas/Antilles Span. /Engl. island relief form 02 -A Bajkalsko jezero ozero Bajkal/ Dalai-Nur Russ. /Bury. continental hydronym 02 -A Nova Zelandija New Zealand Engl. country 02 -A

03 translated colonial exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Albertov Nil Albert Nile Engl. continental hydronym 03 -B Beli rt Râs Nouâdhibou/ Cap Blanc Arab. / Fren. coastal relief form 03 -B Obala popra Grain Coast Engl. coastal relief form 03 -B Sevansko jezero ozero Sevan Russ. continental hydronym 03 -B

04 adapted or partly translated exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Aralsko jezero Aral'skoe more Russ. continental hydronym 04 -A Azori Açores/ Ilhas dos Açores Port. /Port. island relief form/ administrative unit 04 -A Orinoko Río Orinoco Span. continental hydronym 04 -B

05 naturalized exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Bagdad Baghdād/ Baġdād Arab. /Arab. settlement 05 -A Delos Dhilos/Dilos Greek/Greek island relief form 05 -A Loara Loire Fren. continental hydronym 05 -A

06 partly naturalized exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Beludžistan Baluchistān Urdu region 06 -B Gvineja Bissau Guiné-Bissau Port. country 06 -A Saška-Anhalt Sachsen. Anhalt Germ. administrative unit 06 -B

07 minimally naturalized exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Bogota Bogotá Span. settlement 07 -B Osaka Ōsaka Jap. settlement 07 -B Sevastopol' Russ. settlement 07 -B

08 naturalized colonial exonyms, exonyms adopted or naturalized in the past, or exonyms from one of the Slavic languages SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Aljaska Alaska Engl. administrative unit/ natural region 08 -A Kišinjov Chişinău/ Kišinev Mold. / Russ. settlement 08 -B Solun Thessaloníki Greek settlement/ administrative unit 08 -A

09 exonyms adopted or naturalized from one of the multilingual forms of the name SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Amur/ Heilong Jiang Russ. / Chin. continental hydronym 09 -B Cape Town/ Kaapstad Engl. /Afr. settlement 09 -B Finska Suomi/Finland Finn. / Swed. country 09 -A

10 adopted colonial exonyms or exonyms from a large neighbouring country's language SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Borneo Kalimantan Indon. island relief form 10 -B Ganges Ganga/Ganges Hindu/ Engl. continental hydronym 10 -A Taškent Toškent/Taškent Uzbek/ Russ. settlement 10 -B

11 compound exonyms, in which the left part in Slovene is a common noun and the right a proper noun SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE globel Vitjaz Vityaz Depth Engl. submarine relief form 11 -B gora Nashville Seamount Engl. submarine relief form 11 -B zaliv Sirta Khalīj Surt Erab. maritime hydronym 11 -B

12 artificial exonyms SLOVENE NAME ORIGINAL NAME LANGUAGE NAME CLASS NAME TYPE Amazonsko nižavje Selvas port. natural region 12 -B Moskovska kotlina Meščëra rus. oronym 12 -B Vzhodne Alpe Ost Alpen/ Alpi Orientali nem. /ital. oronym 12 -A

Conclusions w the results of elaborate must be treated as a working version, w additional appreciation need to be done, first of all exhaustive grammatical survey, w for better results the origin of numerous geographical names with not clear meanings should be studied thoroughly, w on the basis of that national standardization of exonyms can be done.