Theories of Counseling Psychoanalytic Theory Power Point produced

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Theories of Counseling: Psychoanalytic Theory Power. Point produced by Melinda Haley, M. S. ,

Theories of Counseling: Psychoanalytic Theory Power. Point produced by Melinda Haley, M. S. , New Mexico State University. “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: v any public performance or display, including transmission of an image over a network; v preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; v any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ” “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Background v Sigmund Freud launched the fields of counseling and psychotherapy. v

Psychoanalytic Theory Background v Sigmund Freud launched the fields of counseling and psychotherapy. v Freud's conception regarding the development of neurosis arose from his studies in hysteria and hypnosis. v Pleasure Principle: Human motivation is guided by the drive to seek pleasure. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Background v Other prominent contributors include: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Harry Stack

Psychoanalytic Theory Background v Other prominent contributors include: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Harry Stack Sullivan, Theodore Reik, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney and Eric Fromm. v All of the aforementioned practitioners were at one time disciples of Freud but left to form their own schools. v Many psychoanalytic principles were incorporated into later developing theories. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Tenets v Id, Ego and Superego: The three parts of the

Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Tenets v Id, Ego and Superego: The three parts of the personality. v Stages of Development: Oral, anal, phallic, latency period and genital. v Defense mechanisms: Repression, projection, reaction formation, fixation, regression. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Tenets v To become a practitioner of psychoanalysis, one must complete

Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Tenets v To become a practitioner of psychoanalysis, one must complete a long training process of many years, which is open only to M. D. ’s and Ph. D’s. v Id, Ego, Superego and intrapsychic conflicts: Psychological symptoms are self-defeating patterns brought on by internal struggles. v The past: Current problems stem from unresolved issues that occurred in early childhood. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Tenets v Dreams: Dreams are viewed as the gateway to the

Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Tenets v Dreams: Dreams are viewed as the gateway to the unconscious. v Catharsis: The release of pent-up emotion. v Corrective Emotional Experience: The therapist helps clients alter their self-perceptions and behavior. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Treatment Procedures v Therapy is long-term and focuses on exploring unconscious issues

Psychoanalytic Theory Treatment Procedures v Therapy is long-term and focuses on exploring unconscious issues through interpretation, dream analysis, free association, transference and other methods. v Detachment: The therapist is detached, objective and neutral so that the client can project onto therapist things from the client’s unconscious. v Transference: Traditionally, transference is a projection of unconscious desires onto therapist. v Countertransference: This are projections therapist makes onto the client. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Contemporary Theories v Object Relations Theory: Also sees the past as a

Psychoanalytic Theory Contemporary Theories v Object Relations Theory: Also sees the past as a strong influence on behavior but also looks at the present and creates a more empathic, supportive relationship in which to foster a more secure attachment. v Self-Psychology Theory: Doesn’t just explore the past but also here-andnow issues. Defenses are identified in a sensitive manner leading to greater ego strength and resilience. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Contemporary Developments v Many contemporary psychoanalytic practitioners have abandoned many of Freud’s

Psychoanalytic Theory Contemporary Developments v Many contemporary psychoanalytic practitioners have abandoned many of Freud’s original tenets (e. g. the couch). v Therapy has become more brief. v Sessions focus both on the past and on the present. v Focus in on identified goals and not a entire restructuring of the personality. v Contemporary psychoanalytic theories are especially helpful for borderline and narcissistic personalities. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory General Principles v Help the person to tell his or her story.

Psychoanalytic Theory General Principles v Help the person to tell his or her story. v Establish a solid working alliance. v Deal with resistance. v Gather background information and history. v Select the problem or issue to be worked on. v Explore the precipitating events. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory General Principles v Collaborate with the client to form a diagnosis and

Psychoanalytic Theory General Principles v Collaborate with the client to form a diagnosis and treatment plan. v Increase the client’s awareness regarding defensiveness. v Revisit resistance to interventions. v Explore the client’s transference. v Monitor therapist’s countertransference. v Examine how the past is impacting the present. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory General Principles v Help the client behave more effectively. v Provide feedback

Psychoanalytic Theory General Principles v Help the client behave more effectively. v Provide feedback and confront discrepancies. v Negotiate with the client regarding homework assignments. v Remind the client of the termination date. v End therapy as agreed upon with the client. v Schedule follow-up as needed. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Limitations v Doesn’t take all the client’s needs into consideration. (e. g.

Psychoanalytic Theory Limitations v Doesn’t take all the client’s needs into consideration. (e. g. sometimes clients have a need to be alone or regress. ) v Psychoanalysis isn’t for everyone and it is still long in duration compared to more brief theories. v The writings of some psychoanalytic theorists (Freud and Jung In particular) are technical and hard to read. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Psychoanalytic Theory Use with Diverse Populations v Psychoanalytic theory tends to be seen as

Psychoanalytic Theory Use with Diverse Populations v Psychoanalytic theory tends to be seen as male and elitist in origin. v Has sexist concepts such as “penis envy. ” v Patriarchy and domination are often associated with it. v Can be useful in helping diverse groups learn how to present their concerns in relationship to past oppressive history. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Resources Ivey, A. E. , D’Andrea, M. , Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L.

Resources Ivey, A. E. , D’Andrea, M. , Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L. S. (2002). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective, 5 th ed. Boston, MA. : Allyn & Bacon. James, R. K. & Gilliland, B. E. (2003). Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy, 5 th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Kottler, J. A. (2002). Theories in counseling and therapy: An experiential approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”