The science of endocrinology The history of endocrinology

The science of endocrinology The history of endocrinology Ⅰ Modern endocrinologyⅡ

Introduction n Hormone n n Hormao : exiting, setting in motion Endocrine n Endon(within) + krino(to seperate)

Early history n Substitution therapy n Hippocrates(BC 460~357) denied that disease could be caused by the intervention of deities and demons. n John Hunter(1728~1793) had successfully transplanted avian testes. n A. A. Berthold reported the first clear-cut and successful experimant bearing on endocrine gland. n Claude Bernard(1885) showed by chemical methods that the liver could release sugar directly into the blood, and referred to this function as “internal secretion”.

Early history n Brown-Sequard(1889) attempted self-rejuvenation by taking subcutaneous injections of aqueous extracts of dog testes. n Murray(1891) demonstrated that the parenteral administration of a glycerin emulsion of thyroids provided a helpful replacement therapy in human subjects suffering from hypothyroidism. n Baumann(1895) observed a high concentration of iodine in the thyroid gland, the concentration being hundreds of times higher than that of other tissues. • Oliver & Schafer(1895) , demonstrating the vasopressor effects of adrenal extracts, led to the isolation, purification, identification, and final synthesis of epinephrine.

The birth of endocrinology n n Bayliss & Starling(1902 -1905) n Showed the existence & manner of action of the hormone “secretin” n Starling first used the word “hormone” in 1905 n Pende introduced the term “endocrinology” Takamine & Aldrich(1901) n n Succeeded in crystalling epinephrine The twentieth century has seen the isolation and structural identification of a large number of hormones.

The slow growth in infancy n Thyroxine n Gudernatsch(1912) found an extremely potent substance in accelerating the metamorphosis of frogs and salamanders. n n Kendal(1919) obtained pure thyroxine. n Harington(1926) established its chemical constitution. Insuline n Banting and Best(1921) succeeded in preparing highly potent extracts. n Abel(1926) prepared insulin in crystalline form.

The slow growth in infancy n Estrogen n Stockard & Papanicolaou(1917) studied paramount importance in reproductive physiology. n Allen & Doisy(1922) reported that extracts of large follicles of swine ovaries induce estrus changes in the vaginae of castrated mice. n Ascchheim & Zondek(1927) found chorionic gonadotrophin (of placental orgin). n Doisy & Butenandt(1929) succeeded in crystallizing the estronic substance from human pregnancy urine. n Progesterone n Corner & W. M. Allen(1929) prepared extracts of corpora lutea. n Butenandt(1932) determined the pregnanediol, urinary metabolite of progesterone, chemically. n Androgen n Pezard(1911) prepared the first effective extracts of testicular tissue. n Butenandt(1931) extracted crystals of male sex hormone from urine and called androsterone( the degradation product of testosterone).

The slow growth in infancy n n n Cortisol n Swingle & Pfiffner(1930) prepared the first potent extracts. n 20000 cattle/ 1000 kg adrenal gland/ 26 g material/ 300 mg steroid compound. Oxyticin n Aschner(1910) worked out a technique for performing hypophysectomies in dog. n Kamm & Aldrich(1928) succeeded in seperating the oxytocic and vasopressor hormone Prolactin n Stricker & Grueter(1928) indicated clearly that the anterior pituitary is essential for the initiation and maintenance of milk secretion. n White(1937) obtained prolactin in crystalline( the first pituitary hormone to be isolated).

An era of spectacular growth n Hench(1949) cautiously announced that a hormone of adrenal cortex improved some of the clinical and biochemical symptoms. n There were an attempts to manufacture large amount of hormone. n Scientific progress depends upon the introduction of new tools and new methods. n Phase microscope, electron microscope. n Tissue culture techniques. n Radioactive isotope : the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of hormone. n Simpson(1953) isolated new adrenal hormone (aldosterone). n Sanga(1954) elucidated the full chemical structure of insulin. n Du Vigneaud(1953) determined the structure of oxytocin and vasopressin.

An era of spectacular growth n n n Glucagon n During the 1920’s most insulin extracts antagonized the action of insulin. n Staub(1955) obtained in crystalline of glucagon. Sulfonanide n Insuln is destroyed by the proteolytic enzyme. n Sulfonamide were effective in reducing blood sugar when taken orally. Applying the techniques of chromatography and radioautography of compounds labeled with I 131, great progress has been made in our understanding of thyroid metabolism. n Von Euler(1949) showed that the transmitter substance, norepinephrine, released by sympathetic nerve terminals.

Method of study n Ablation by surgery or disease n Chemical ablation or impairment n Replacement therapy n Chemical extraction n Isotopic tracer methods n In vitro techniques