Structuralism seeks to analyze the adult mind the

Structuralism • seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events. To do this, psychologists employ introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings, emotions, etc.

Introspection • literally means 'looking within', to try to describe a person's memory, perceptions, cognitive processes, and/or motivations. • three types of mental elements constituting conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and affections (elements of emotions). • These elements could be broken down into their respective properties, which he determined were quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and extensity.

Functionalism • states that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc. ) are constituted solely by their functional role – that is, they have causal relations to other mental states, numerous sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs. • mental states are the corresponding functional role, mental states can be sufficiently explained without taking into account the underlying physical medium (e. g. the brain, neurons, etc. ) that realizes such states; one need only take into account the higher-level functions in the cognitive system.

Behaviorism • It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli. • Behaviorism focuses on one particular view of learning: a change in external behavior achieved through using reinforcement and repetition to shape behavior of learners.

Main versions • Methodological behaviorism: Watson's behaviorism states that only public events (behaviors of an individual) can be objectively observed, and that therefore private events (thoughts and feelings) should be ignored • Radical behaviorism: Skinner's behaviorism theorizes that processes within the organism should be acknowledged, particularly the presence of private events (such as thoughts and feelings), and suggests that environmental variables also control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors.

Cognitivism • Cognitive theory mainly stresses the acquisition of knowledge and growth of the mental structure. • The process of assimilating and expanding our intellectual horizon is termed as cognitive development. • In cognitive theories not only the environmental factors and instructional components play an important role in learning. There additional key elements like learning to code, transform, rehearse, and store and retrieve the information.

Differences • A behaviorist uses feedback (reinforcement) to change the behavior in the desired direction, while the cognitivist uses the feedback for guiding and supporting the accurate mental connections • Cognitivists examine the learner's 'how to design' instruction that it can be assimilated. (i. e. , what about the learners existing mental structures? ) In contrast, the behaviorists looks at learners how to determine where the lesson should begin ( i. e. , At what level the learners are performing successfully? ) and what are the most effective reinforces ( i. e. , What are the consequences that are mostly desired by the learner ? ).

Humanistic • emphasizes individuals' inherent drive towards selfactualization, the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities and creativity. • It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and positive human potential. It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole person" greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people. Humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration as an integral part of the psyche.

Humanistic Therapy • encourages a self-awareness and mindfulness that helps the client change their state of mind and behaviour from one set of reactions to a healthier one with more productive self-awareness and thoughtful actions. Essentially, this approach allows the merging of mindfulness and behavioural therapy, with positive social support.

Principles of Humanistic • Human beings, as human, supersede the sum of their parts. They cannot be reduced to components. • Human beings have their existence in a uniquely human context, as well as in a cosmic ecology. • Human beings are aware and are aware of being aware i. e. , they are conscious. Human consciousness always includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people. • Human beings have the ability to make choices and therefore have responsibility. • Human beings are intentional, aim at goals, are aware that they cause future events, and seek meaning, value, and creativity.