SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 78 Aggression Aggression Aggression Any

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 78 - Aggression

Aggression ■ Aggression – Any action, verbal or physical, meant to hurt others ■ Instrumental Aggression – Aim is not to harm the victim, but to achieve a goal or protect oneself ■ Hostile Aggression – Intended to cause damage to a victim ■ Professional Boxing vs. Street Fight

Frustrationaggression hypothesis • Stress results from being blocked from reaching a goal produces aggression

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 79 - Attraction

Attraction Key Factors to the likelihood of Attraction: ■ Proximity – Mere exposure effect ■ Similarities – Attitudes and physical attractiveness ■ Reciprocity – Individuals are more likely to be attracted to someone who is attracted to them ■ Physical Attractiveness

Attraction ■ Matching Hypothesis – Individuals pair up with those who are similar to themselves in terms of their physical attractiveness ■ Halo Effect – Tendency of positive evaluations on one characteristic lead to positive ratings on other characteristics

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love ■ 3 Main Components of Love – Passion (physical attraction) – Intimacy (closeness) – Commitment ( decisions to remain together) ■ 3 Types of Love – Companionate love – intimacy and commitment – Passionate love – intimacy and passion – Consummate love – passion, intimacy, and commitment

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 80 Friends

Helping Behaviors ■ Helping Behaviors – Acted intended to benefit another person – Motivation – egoistic or altruistic ■ Altruism – An unselfish interest in helping others

Decisions to take responsibility ■ Bystander Effect – People are less likely to provide needed help when there are others present in an emergency situation – video ■ Diffusion of Responsibility – Belief of each individual in a crowd that they do not need to help because somebody else will take action

Factors that increase likelihood of Altruistic Behavior ■ Social Exchange Theory – One balances the costs and rewards of helping – More likely to assist others if the potential for reward is high and potential costs are low ■ Reciprocity norms – People help others because they expect others would help if they needed it or because they have been helped in the past ■ Time pressure

Social Dilemmas ■ Cooperation vs. Competition ■ Conflict ■ Social Dilemmas – Situations in which individuals must choose whether to cooperate or compete with others – Prisoner’s Dilemma – Dilbert