Session 11 Social Value and Social Change The

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change The Concept of ‘Social Value’ The concept of ‘social value’ is not clear in context of social entrepreneurship. The concept of ‘value’ itself is not clear. 3 Reasons: 1. Multidisciplinary nature of the field in which the concept has been used 2. Value creation refers both to the content and process of new value creation 3. Process of value creation is often confused or confounded with the process of value capture or value retention Different meaning for different people Strategic Point of View: Bowman and Ambrosini (2000)- 2 Types : two type: 1. ‘Use Value’ 2. ‘Exchange Value’ Tsirogianni and Gaskell (2011), ‘Social value’ refers to socially collective beliefs and systems of beliefs that operate as guiding principles in life. Polonsky and Grau (2008), defined ‘social value’ as the total social impact a charitable organisation has on all its stakeholders.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Social Value in Context of SE Stakeholders in context of Social Entrepreneurship For any social enterprise, whether purely philanthropic or purely commercial, the stakeholders are beneficiaries, capital providers, workforce and suppliers (Dees, 2001). Social entrepreneurs create impact/value for all the stakeholders, i. e. , beneficiaries (individual/organisation/society), owners/capital providers/investors, workforce/employees, suppliers, and environment. Beneficiary is the intended target of value creation (Lepak, Smith & Taylor, 2007). Young (2006), For people in social purpose organization, the idea of ‘value’ resembles benefitting ‘people whose urgent and reasonable needs are not being met by other means’ (p. 62).

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Features of ‘Value’ in Context of SE From the perspective of social entrepreneurship, five crucial features of ‘value’ (Young, 2006): 1. Value is subjective. 2. Social value is negotiated between stakeholders. 3. Social Value is contingent and open to reappraisal. 4. Social value brings together incommensurable elements which cannot easily be aggregated within a single metric. 5. There is no escaping the fact that values are inseparable when it comes to social activity.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Framework of Social Value (Young, 2006) Social Added Value -Aim to return more value to their indented beneficiaries for comparable resources expended than other ventures Empowerment and Social Change -Their work also brings about a sustained shift in the social or economical relations of disadvantaged groups. Social Innovation - Innovation creates social value, if it allows people to achieve more for less, or to solve problems that are otherwise insoluble Systemic Change - The greatest social value comes from systemic change which transforms the architecture of how things work

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change The Concept of ‘Social Change’ involves divergence of views: Wilbert Moore (mentioned in Lauer, 1991), defined social change as the ‘significant alterations of social structures’, where ‘structure’ includes norms, values and cultural phenomena. Lauer (1991), ‘Social Change’ refers to alterations in social phenomena at various levels of human life from the individual to the global. It is concerned with the formation and destruction of social system (Martindale, 1976); often a society is described as a social system (La. Piere, 1965). ‘Social Change’ is the alternation of patterns of culture, social structure, and social behaviour over time. It involves the complex interaction of environment, technology, culture, personality, political, economic, religious.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Types of ‘Social Change’ Self, Belonging and Social Change (May, 2011) Ø Self & society are mutually constitutive, therefore can not be examined separately Ø Effects of social change on ourselves and vice-versa Ø The central role of ‘sense of belonging’ in connecting the person to the social, as ‘belonging’ offers a complex person-centred and dynamic approach Ø Importance of focus on ‘belonging’, as it allows dynamic examination of mutual influence between ‘self’ and ‘society’ 2 Types of Social Change (Mann, 1987): 1. ‘Intended’ or ‘Purposed (intentionally generated from within as well as from outside to meet particular ends or to bring about desired change, and challenges posed to the community) 2. ‘Haphazard’ (caused by the unplanned sources and forces) In general, social entrepreneurs, intentionally try to bring about desired changes in the society by solving social problem.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Causal Factors of ‘Social Change’ (for peer to peer discussion) Factors causing social change include: Environment Culture Innovation Population Technology Economic Political Education Human Ideas and Action– Individual and Collective.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Emerging concept of social value in social entrepreneurship Based on nine case studies of Ashoka Fellows in India, Singh (2016) presented emerging concept of social value in social entrepreneurship. She incorporated perspectives of social entrepreneurs as well as the beneficiaries to understand the meaning of social value in context of social entrepreneurship. She found that social entrepreneurs see ‘social value creation’ in bringing social change or creating social impact while addressing the social problems. Here it is important to mention that ‘beneficiaries’ included not only the poor and marginalized people but well off people also. The beneficiaries perceived value in getting various direct and indirect benefits and impacts. For details please refer Chapter 5: The Concepts of Social Value Creation and Social Value in Singh A. (2016). The Process of Social Value Creation: A Multiple-Case Study on Social Entrepreneurship in India, 1 st Edn. Springer India.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change Role of Social Entrepreneurs (Bornstein, 2005) Little attention on social entrepreneurs Presented as saints. Their stories are not presented in form of case-studies, rather presented in form of children’s tale. These stories do not throw light on social entrepreneur’s methods Focus of theories of social change more on how ideas move people than on how people move ideas- little discussion on the role of individuals A ‘Good Idea’ is not enough to solve the problem, its implementation in an effective way is the most important. Any idea, which needs to be rooted and spread, requires obsessive people, who have skills, motivation and energy. A person with vision, drive, integrity of purpose, great pervasive powers, and remarkable stamina.

Session 11: Social Value and Social Change References: Bornstein, D. (2005). How to change the world: Social entrepreneurs and the power of new ideas. New Delhi: Penguin Books. Bowman, C. , & Ambrosini, V. (2000). Value creation versus value capture: Towards a coherent definition of value in strategy. British Journal of Management, 11, 1– 15. Dees, J. G. (2001). Social entrepreneurship: Mobilising resources for success. Retrieved on October 10, 2011 from http: //www. tgci. com/magazine/Social%20 Entrepreneurship. pdf Lauer, R. H. (1991). Perspectives on social change (4 th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Lepak, D. P. , Smith, K. G. , & Taylor, M. S. (2007). Value creation and value Capture: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 180 -194. Mann, R. S. (1987). Social change and social research. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. May, T. (2001). Social research: Issues, methods and process (3 rd ed. ). Buckingham: Open University Press. Polonsky, M. J. , & Grau, S. L. (2008). Evaluating the social value of charitable organisations: A conceptual foundation. Journal of Macromarketing, 28(2), 130 -140. Singh A. (2016). The Process of Social Value Creation: A Multiple-Case Study on Social Entrepreneurship in India, 1 st Edn. Springer India. Tsirogianni, S. , & Gaskell, G. (2011). The role of plurality and context in social values. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(4), 441 -465. Young, R. (2006). For What It Is Worth: Social Value and the Future of Social Entrepreneurship. In A. Nicholls (Ed. ), Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable change (pp. 1 -35). New York: OXFORD University Press.