Research Presentation Daniel Adam Rhodri Positivism uses a

Research Presentation Daniel, Adam, Rhodri

§ Positivism uses a clear quantitative way to address investigating phenomena by being based on scientific studies of perceptible data § Positivism values free research and is neutral or Positivism detached and is self-standing of what is being researched

§ Positivism is usually referred as being the state or Positivism quality of being positive such as certainty and assurance § Positivism has principles that are usually a way of defining it according to research methodology.

§ Someone using the Positivism methodology will view the world as external and objective and have independency of the observer. Positivism

§ Phenomenology, then, is the study of things as they Phenomenology appear (phenomena). It is also often said to be descriptive rather than explanatory: a central task of phenomenology is to provide a clear, undistorted description of the way's things appear (Husserl 1982, sec. 75) (4) § German philosopher, Edmund Husserl (1859 – 1938), “sought to develop a new philosophical method which would lend absolute certainty to a disintegrating civilization. ”(5) § This method is used to study areas where little is known or to explore sensitive content. (6)

§ Participants of this type of research are deemed to be "coresearchers" along with the one carrying out the study. This is done to jointly explore the participant's experiences and co-create a meaningful description of the phenomena being studied. (7) § Good phenomenological research is more than a simple Phenomenology synthesis of the contents of a group of interviews. "Research is not truly phenomenological unless the researcher’s beliefs are incorporated into the data analysis. " ”(Drew, 2001, p. 19) (8) § The overall goal of this research method is the exhaustive description of the phenomenon under study. This requires the description to allow the reader to grasp what is central to the phenomenon.

Phenomenology – Advantages and Disadvantages

§ “Deductive reasoning relies on a general statement or hypothesis—sometimes called a premise or standard— held to be true. The premise is used to reach a specific, logical conclusion”. (9) § This suggests that the deductive approach is when the Deductive researcher already has a theory before, they start the research project. § The researcher could use this theory to back up their original theory. § It starts by the researcher having a theory, then producing a hypothesis, then uses the data that they research to confirm that theory. § It is known as the "Testing theory" as it proves if theory was correct or wrong at the end. § linked to positivism

§ Advantages § Allows you to explain relationships between concepts and variables Deductive advantages and disadvantages § Can measure concepts quantitatively § Possibility to generalize research findings to a certain extent I. e. back up original theory § Disadvantages § It may limit the scope of creativities § Can be biased as the researcher already has a theory before any research is conducted § Very rigid approach

§ An example of a deductive example in relation to computing could be the reviewing of an application. § The researcher can test the application using the Deductive computer project examples deductive method by asking other people to use it and give feedback. § This could be completed via a quick interview or a questionnaire to gain the users' feedback. § This then can be linked to the "feelings" of the user to gain the feedback and research.

Inductive § “Inductive approach, starts with the observations and theories are proposed towards the end of the research process as a result of observations. Inductive research “involves the search for pattern from observation and the development of explanations – theories – for those patterns through series of hypotheses”. No theories or hypotheses would apply in inductive studies at the beginning of the research and the researcher is free in terms of altering the direction for the study after the research process had commenced. ” (10) § This suggests that Inductive theory is when you conduct the research first then base theory off the results of your research. § This approach suggests that you do not have a theory at the start of your research, but then theory comes last once the research is completed. § linked to phenomenography

§ Advantages § Inductive approach is flexible as the researcher does not have to follow any pre-determined theories Inductive advantages and disadvantages § Less likely to be biased § More testing of theory can be conducted as theory comes last § Disadvantages § if observations are incorrect, the researcher would end up in incorrect conclusions. § Inductive reasoning is very limited. It begins with a single observation or an inference drawn from very specific and alike situations.

§ Sticking with the reviewing of an application, it can also be researched via an inductive approach. § Instead of branching the research out to other people, then research can be conducted via the user. § For example, the user can see how quick the application is, or how much data the application uses. Inductive computer project examples § This quantitative data can then be used as facts. § Another example is inductive marketing. § Using inductive reasoning in marketing requires the accumulation of specific data to draw out general conclusions about products or consumer. § For example, a user goes onto a website and clicks on a specific criteria. § Each criteria can then be counted so the researcher has quantitative data so they can analyse.

References § 1. positivism | Definition, Characteristics, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. [accessed 6 Oct 2020] Available from: https: //www. britannica. com/topic/positivism https: //search. proquest. com/openview/50680005369760 aa 60 ce 4 ea 801 e 272 d 8/1? pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=33100 § 2. Table 4. 3 Comparison of five research philosophies in business and. . . Research. Gate. 2020. [accessed 6 Oct 2020] Available from: https: //www. researchgate. net/figure/3 -Comparison-of-fiveresearch-philosophies-in-business-and-management-research_tbl 3_309102603 § 3. Positivism - Research Methodology. Research-Methodology. 2020. [accessed 6 Oct 2020] Available from: https: //research-methodology. net/research-philosophy/positivism/ § 4. Deductive approach. [Online]. Available from: https: //www. thebalancecareers. com/deductive-reasoning-definition-with-examples-2063749 [Accessed 21 April 2020]. § 5. Research 2020 method. Inductive. [Online]. Available from: https: //researchmethodology. net/research-methodology/research-approach/inductive-approach-2/ [Accessed 21 April ]. § 6. M R. Positivism - Research Methodology. Research-Methodology. 2020. [accessed 6 Oct 2020] Available from: https: //research-methodology. net/research-philosophy/positivism/ § 7. Anwar S. (PDF) Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Vietnam. Research. Gate. 2020. [accessed 6 Oct 2020] Available from: https: //www. researchgate. net/publication/238088356_Foreign_direct_investment_and_economic_gro wth_in_Vietnam

§ (4) 1. Phenomenology | Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy [Internet]. Iep. utm. edu. 2020 [cited 11 October 2020]. Available from: https: //iep. utm. edu/phenom/ § (5) 2. A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated - Thomas Groenewald, 2004 [Internet]. SAGE Journals. 2020 [cited 11 October 2020]. Available from: https: //journals. sagepub. com/doi/full/10. 1177/160940690400300104 § (6)(7)(8) 3. Phenomenology as a Qualitative Research Method [Internet]. Suna. 2020 [cited 11 October 2020]. Available from: https: //www. suna. org/sites/default/files/download/members/unjarticles/2004/04 dec/516. pdf § (Fig 1) 4. Phenomenology - Research Methodology [Internet]. Research-Methodology. 2020 [cited 11 October 2020]. Available from: https: //research-methodology. net/researchphilosophy/phenomenology/