REFERENCING LECTURE DELIVERED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION

REFERENCING LECTURE DELIVERED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BABCOCK UNIVERSITY BY Dr. V. E. UNEGBU

CITATION &REFERENCING • Referencing is done to show respect to the copyright owners’ of works used in the course of writing. • It is an acknowledgement of other people’s work cited or paraphrased while writing your own work.

CITATION AND REFERENCING • Citation and referencing go hand in hand both are solutions to plagiarism. • Plagiarism is the act of copying someone’s work without acknowledging it. It is using someone’s mental endeavour as if it is your own. • It is stealing someone’s work. • Citation is an act of quoting. It is citing someone’s work when it is used by another.

TYPES OF CITATION/REFERENCING • Citation made in the body of one’s literary work is called in-text citation, and any citation outside the body of the work has a different name but both are called referencing. • There are different kinds depending on the positioning of the reference • At the bottom, footnote; at the end of the chapter, endnote and at the end of the book or dissertation, references. • There is also a reference page – where all references cited in a work is recorded • Bibliography

REFERENCING ELEMENTS • Referencing elements consist of elements such as: the name of the author(s), publication details consisting of the year of publication, city of publication and publisher, the title of an information material which can be a book, journal article or web page and page number. • The author is usually written surname first, followed by the first and middle name, titles are excluded e. g. Dr, Mrs. , Professor, etc.

Types of Referencing Styles • Recognized methods of referencing by bodies/associations. 7 are here listed. • Modern Language Association (MLA) referencing style, • Harvard referencing method • American Psychological Association (APA) • Chicago Manual of style • Council of Science Editors (CSE) referencing style • Oxford referencing style • Vancouver referencing style, etc. • In this presentation, the first three will be discussed. They are the most widely used referencing styles.

MLA: Instruction on Writing • The first line of each paragraph is indented one-half of an inch. • Any quotation exceeding four lines has to be in block text indented an inch on both sides of the margin of the paper. • In reference page, the second and following lines of each reference entry is indented one-half of an inch. • The reference list has to be arranged in alphabetical order letter-by-letter not word-by-word. • Authors’ names must be written in full and complete as they appear on the text, not initials.

HARVARD REFERENCING METHOD (16 TH ED. ) In-text citation • For in-text citation, a page number is required whether you are paraphrasing, quoting or summarizing: (Onuoha 2014, p. 12) • Book: Middleton, V. T. C. & Hawkins, R. 1998, Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. • Web page Madukoma, E. 2008. Mirror on the wall. [online] Available at: http: //www. iahsll. edu. ng [Accessed 9 Jun. 2014].

HARVARD REFERENCING METHOD (16 TH ED. ) Contd. • Chapter in a book Marshall, W. A. 1975, ‘The child as a mirror of his brain’s development’. In: Sants, J & Butcher, H. J. (eds). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd. • Journal article (print) Unegbu, V. E. and Onuoha, U. D. 2013, ‘Library and information science training for professional recognition and development in Nigeria’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(10), pp. 267 - 271.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE • Adopted by writers in psychology, economics, education, business, library and information science, and in many other social science • In-text Citation: When citing an author from a book or from a journal in the body of book or any type of writing, the author’s last name and the year of publication of the work are required e. g. Okoro (2012) said that education is power. If the paraphrasing comes before the author, then it would be: Education is said to be power (Okoro, 2012). • If they are multiple authors say V. E. Okoro and S. B. Adam. The first example reads Okoro and Adam (2012) while the second reads Okoro & Adam (2012). The difference is the use of ‘and’ and “&”.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE CONTD. • Direct Quotation: If information is copied from a source verbatim (exactly how it appeared on the original work), the cited work must be enclosed in parenthesis and the page of the source from where it is quoted added. For example, “Any analytical decision maker relies on information that is systematically acquired” (Unegbu & Oghenekome, 2011, p. 45). • APA referencing requires double spacing either in-text or on reference page.

APA Style Examples One Author (Book) Nwogu, J. A. (2005). Role of library and information centres in disaster management. Ibadan: Emaphine Publishers. Up to 7 or More Authors: Ayande, A. , Okorie, V. C. , Amaefule, E. N. , Unegbu, C. C. , Amadi, Y. O. , John, J. J. , …. Ijaw, N. A. (2014). AIDS is punishment for disobedient human beings created in the image of God. Owerri: Agu and Sons Printers More than seven, then list the first six names, put ellipsis and write the last author. • • • Chapter in a Book Olusegun, K. A. (2013). Child-parent relationships, peer relationships, and peer-group pressure. In Okorie, E. C. & Nwachukwu, A. B. (Eds. ), Book of relationships pressure and groups (pp. 55 -57). Owerri: Alao Printing Press. Journal Article Haliso, Y. & Onuoha, U. D. (2010). Perceived influence of academic qualifications, gender, religious affiliation and ethnic sentiment on mentoring practices among librarians in selected university libraries in Nigeria. African Research and Documentation, 114 (4), 33 -46.

APA Style Examples Contd. • Magazine & Newspaper Mathews, J. , Berrett, D. , & Brillman, D. (2005, May 16). Other winning equations. Newsweek, 145(20), 58 -59. • Odinkalu, C. (2014, June 12). This crisis must not be wasted. The Guardian: Conscience, Nurtured by truth. p. 17. • Author: Last, F. M. (Year, Month, Date). Entry Name [Def. Number]. In F. M. Last (Ed. ) & F. M. Last (Trans. ), Website Title. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL • Hemorrhage [Def. 1]. (n. d. ). Merriam-Webster Online. In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved January 2, 2013, from http: //www. merriamwebster. com/dictionary/cit ation.

APA: Encyclopedia from Database • Holmes, H. (2003). • Bunson, M. R. (2012). Advertising of food. In S. Historical overview. In H. Katz (Ed. ), Encyclopedia on Ancient "Advertising of Food" Egypt. (3 rd ed. , pp. Xii. Encyclopedia of Food Xv). New York, NY: and Culture. Vol. 1, pp. Infobase Publishing. 16 -20). New York, NY: Retrieved January 3, Scribner’s. Retrieved 2013, from July 2, 2010, from http: //www. infobasepu http: //www. gale. cenga blishing. com ge. com