Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of higher education
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of higher education University of Tabuk Faculty of chsmistry Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Prepared by Dr. Nadia Hussein
Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. The separation of components is often performed prior to analysis. Analytical methods can be separated into classical and instrumental. Classical methods (also known as wet chemistry methods) use separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation and qualitative analysis by color, odor, or melting point. Quantitative analysis is achieved by measurement of weight or volume. Instrumental methods use an apparatus to measure physical quantities of the analyte such as light absorption, fluorescence, or conductivity. The separation of materials is accomplished using chromatography, electrophoresis or Field Flow Fractionation methods. Analytical chemistry is also focused on improvements in experimental design, chemometrics, and the creation of new measurement tools to provide better chemical information. Analytical chemistry has applications in forensics, bioanalysis, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, and materials analysis.
Application of analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry research is largely driven by performance (sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, linear range, accuracy, precision, and speed), and cost (purchase, operation, training, time, and space). Among the main branches of contemporary analytical atomic spectrometry, the most widespread and universal are optical and mass spectrometry. In the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into inductively coupled plasma. Advances in design of diode lasers and optical parametric oscillators promote developments in fluorescence and ionization spectrometry and also in absorption techniques where uses of optical cavities for increased effective absorption pathlength are expected to expand. Steady progress and growth in applications of plasma- and laser-based methods are noticeable. An interest towards the absolute (standardless) analysis has revived, particularly in the emission spectrometry.
Application of Analytical Chemistry A lot of effort is put in shrinking the analysis techniques to chip size. Although there are few examples of such systems competitive with traditional analysis techniques, potential advantages include size/portability, speed, and cost. (micro Total Analysis System (µTAS) or Lab-on-a-chip). Microscale chemistry reduces the amounts of chemicals used. Much effort is also put into analyzing biological systems. Examples of rapidly expanding fields in this area are: Genomics - DNA sequencing and its related research. Genetic fingerprinting and DNA microarray are very popular tools and research fields. Proteomics - the analysis of protein concentrations and modifications, especially in response to various stressors, at various developmental stages, or in various parts of the body. Metabolomics - similar to proteomics, but dealing with metabolites. Transcriptomics - m. RNA and its associated field Lipidomics - lipids and its associated field Peptidomics - peptides and its associated field Metalomics - similar to proteomics and metabolomics, but dealing with metal concentrations and especially with their binding to proteins and other molecules.
What is the analytical Chemistry Laboratory • Analytical Chemists is an independent analytical laboratory which delivers legally defensible data to a diverse list of industries. Analytical Chemists was founded in 2010 and is quickly growing into a regional resource for analytical services. We provide a full range of analytical services to industrial, Engineering, Consulting, and Government Clients. Our technical staff have analytical experience in the Environmental, Pharmaceutical, food and beverage, and bio-medical device industries. With a new facility in Long Island New York, Analytical Chemists is defining how analytical labs operate and how they communicate to someone like you.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES *Safety demands an awareness of your surroundings. Be alert to unsafe conditions or actions in the laboratory. Call attention to them and make corrections. *Have an evacuation plan and be familiar with it. Keep passageways clear. Employ exits. *Learn to interpret MSDS info in regard to health hazard, flammability, reactivity, storage and disposal. Check for TLV, IDLH, Flash point and Fire fighting media. *Know how to use laboratory safety equipment and the exact positions of safety shower, eye wash station, respiratory gear, fume hood, fire alarm, fire extinguisher, and spill clean up materials. *Be aware of ignition sources, open flames, heat and electrical equipment.
Safety equipment in laboratory Eye wash In the event of an eye injury or chemical splash, use the eyewash immediately. Help the injured person by holding their eyelids open while rinsing. Rinse copiously and have the eyes checked by a physician afterwards.
Safety shower Use a safety shower in the event of a chemical spill. Pull the overhead handle and remove clothing that may be contaminated with chemicals, to allow the skin to be rinsed.
Safety golves Disposable gloves are available in a range of sizes. Gloves provide a temporary layer of protection and are permeable to some substances. If your gloves become discolored or deteriortate remove them, wash your hands thoroughly, and get a new pair
Chemical Solution which uses in laboratory Gas If the solvent is a gas, only gases are dissolved under a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed as mixtures. Solid If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids and solids can be dissolved. Gas in solids: Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals, especially in palladium; this is studied as a means of hydrogen storage. Liquid in solid:
Chemical Solution which uses in laboratory Liquid If the solvent is a liquid, then gases, liquids and solids can be dissolved. Here are some examples: Gas in liquid: Oxygen in water. Carbon dioxide in water is a less simple example, because the solution is accompanied by a chemical reaction (formation of ions). Note also that the visible bubbles in carbonated water are not the dissolved gas, but only an effervescence of carbon dioxide that has come out of solution; the dissolved gas itself is not visible since it is dissolved on a molecular level. Liquid in liquid: The mixing of two or more substances of the same chemistry but different concentrations to form a constant. (Homogenization of solutions) Alcoholic beverages are basically solutions of ethanol in water. Solid in liquid: Sucrose (table sugar) in water Sodium chloride (table salt) or any other salt in water forms an electrolyte: When dissolving, salt dissociates into ions.
Tools and equipment uses in analytical laporatory A flask is one of the tools used often in analytical chemistry. In analytical chemistry, chemists determine what chemicals and compounds a substance is made of and how much of those compounds exist in a given sample. They then communicate that information for a variety of purposes. For example, analytical chemists study pharmaceutical compounds to ensure that they are safe for consumption. Because of the many industries that use analytical chemistry, it is important that the tools used to measure the compounds are accurate.
A Bunsen burner, *is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces *a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. *The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both.
Electronic Balance An electronic balance is the key tool in measuring the mass of a dry compound. Mass is a measure of how much of a compound exists and is generally measured in grams. The electronic balance can be used to first measure the mass of the container the compound is stored in and then can be programmed to discount the weight of the container, only measuring the compound itself. In general, an electronic balance has the capacity to measure between 100 g and 200 g.
Reagent bottles, *also known as media bottles or graduated bottles *are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers and are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves. * Some reagent bottles are tinted amber (actinic), brown or red in order to protect light-sensitive chemical compounds from visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation which may alter or break them down.
Microsope : • is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. • Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. *There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample. *Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscope.
Pipet A volumetric pipet is similar to an eyedropper. It is the most accurate tool for transferring a known volume of liquid from one sample to another. These tools come in different sizes and require the use of a rubber bulb to pull the liquid up into the pipet.
Graduated Cylinder A graduated cylinder is another tool used to measure liquid volume. It is a tall glass tube with marked or graded volumes along the length of the tube that measure the volume of liquid in the cylinder. The graduated cylinder is the easiest method for transferring liquid. A graduated cylinder is typically accurate to plus or minus 1 percent of the cylinder’s total volume.
Volumetric Flask Often analytical chemistry requires separating a solid from a liquid state and then measuring the solid. To accomplish this, the solid must be completely dried before it can be measured. This can happen in an oven, but it’s important to allow the solid to return to room temperature before measuring it for mass. This is to prevent the solid from absorbing moisture from the air, giving you an inaccurate measure. A desiccator is used as a place to protect the sample from the environment while it returns to room temperature. The desiccator typically includes a desiccant material, which absorbs the moisture within the desiccator to prevent it from being absorbed by the sample.
The IATROSCAN Description: The IATROSCAN new MK-6 s combines the techniques of thin layer chromatography (TLC), an established technique for the separation of organic compounds, with a flame ionization detector (FID).
Nova Biomedical Bioprofile Description: For fermentation and cell culture, an Automatic Cell Culture Analyzer for real-time analysis of key metabolites, nutrients and gases parameters in cell culture media. Offering eight disposable cartidges for measured tests including glutamine, glutamate, glucose, lactate, ammonium, p. H, sodium and potassium, and calculated osmolality.
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