Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences IAAP

Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences 心理治疗的灵性渊源与文化适用性 韩布新 中国科学院心理健康重点实验室 国际应用心理协会（IAAP） hanbx@psych. ac. cn 2014. 9. 22

20世纪犹太心理学家的历史贡献-39% http: //www. jinfo. org/Psychologists_100_Most_Eminent. html

39位犹太心理学家：现代心理学的全方位代表？ • • • • Sigmund Freud [3] • Leon Festinger [5] Stanley Schachter [7] • Abraham Maslow [10] • • Erikson 1 [12] • Kurt Lewin [18] • Jerome Kagan [22] • Walter Mischel [25] • Jerome Bruner [28] Lawrence Kohlberg [30] • • Martin Seligman [31] • Ulric Neisser [32] • Herbert Simon 2 [37] • Noam Chomsky [38] Solomon Asch [41] Stanley Milgram [46] Lee Cronbach 3 [48] David Wechsler [51] Joseph Wolpe [53] Michael Posner [56] Elizabeth Loftus 4 [58] Paul Ekman [59] Robert Sternberg [60] Julian Rotter [63] Alfred Adler [66] Alexander Luria [68] Leonard Berkowitz [74] • • • Eliot Aronson [76] Irving Janis [77] Morton Deutsch [78] Richard Lazarus [79] Lev Vygotsky [82] Robert Rosenthal [83] Milton Rokeach [84] Amos Tversky [91. 5] Herman Witkin [94] Anna Freud [97] Leo Postman [98] Benjamin Winer [99]

精神分析、格式塔与行为主义 • 精神分析注重神秘知识、个人体验、非理性、潜意识 – secret knowledge, personal experience, the irrational, and the unconscious – 行为主义则相反 • 格式塔心理学注重意义与理解 – 行为主义注重预测与控制 • • Clash of views，clash of cultures. Counseling developed from a single, Anglo-European viewpoint misses the drastically different influences of Jewish culture and White culture on psychology and psychotherapy.

临床心理学：犹太人全面领衔 • 认知、行为 – Aaron Beck, Donald Meichenbaum (cognitive/cognitive behavioral therapy); Albert Ellis (rational-emotive therapy); Jacob Moreno (psychodrama, group therapy); Nathan Ackerman, Salvador Minuchin (family therapy); Kurt Lewin (group therapy, person-in-environment theory); Fritz Perls (Gestalt therapy); Heinzkohut, Otto Kernberg (object relations); Hans Eysenck, Joseph Wolpe (behavior therapy); ; • 分析 – Hans Strupp (psychotherapy research, brief psychodynamic therapy); • 人本 – Abraham Maslow (humanistic psychology); Arnold Lazarus (multimodal therapy); Victor Frank! (existential therapy); Irvin Yalom (group therapy, existential therapy); Eric Berne (transactional analysis); and Roberto Assagioli (psychosynthesis/ transpersonal psychology) • 其他 – William Glasser (reality therapy); Alexander Lowen (bioenergetics)

哀伤处理的理论变迁 • 忧郁症Mourning and Melancholia (1917) – S Freud: The resolution of suffering, returning to functionality depends on breaking emotional bonds with the deceased. • 阶段理论-On Death and Dying (1969) – Kübler-Ross E: Grief occurs in stages—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and finally acceptance (DABDA). • 依恋-Continuing Bonds: New understandings of grief – Bowlby (1980), Klass et al (1996), – Bond with the deceased • 成长-The Other Side of Sadness (2009) – Bonanno GA: three broad courses of bereavement: – (1) Resilience, (2) Recovery, and (3) Chronic grief

哀伤五阶段模型 • Kübler-Ross – On Death and Dying – 1969 – – – D - Denial A - Anger B - Bargaining D - Depression A - Acceptance http: //chris. 9 gag. com/gag/157130/

Courses of bereavement (Bonanno, 2009) • 心理弹性（Resilience） – Bouncing back with little interruption in functioning – Experience personal growth in response to their loss (sadness and longing) • 恢复（Recovery） – Experience of suffer significant grief symptoms and a disruption in functioning for at least several months • 长期哀伤（Chronic grief） – 10 -15 % have even more impairing and longer-term reactions to their loss

争议焦点：与故去亲友的联结 • 切断（Breaking）？ – Negative effect on functioning – Freud (1917), Kübler-Ross (1969) • 延续（Continuing）？ – Positive effect in functioning – Bowlby (1980), Klass et al (1996), Bonanno (2009) – 中国文化: 祖先崇拜

Sino – American comparison （Lalande & Bonanno, 2006） • Adaptiveness of continuing bonds with the deceased. • 4 and 18 months of bereavement • Higher levels of continuing bonds in the PRC at 4 months were related to better adjustment at 18 months. • In the US, higher levels of continuing bonds were related to poorer adjustment at 18 months.

Continuing bonds across time in US & PRC

Sino – American comparison （Lalande & Bonanno, 2006）

Sino – American comparison （Lalande & Bonanno, 2006）

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• An adult population of 1, 180 Norwegian tourists who experienced the 2004 tsunami was surveyed by a postal questionnaire 2 years after the disaster. 33

不信者、不知者、宗教性低、高者 • Well-being, satisfaction with social support, or locus of control • High religiosity group did endorse higher levels of presence of meaning in life than the atheists and a greater number of social supports compared to the non-religious groups • Religious coping vs. humor and substances 2014. 7. 23 Religion, Culture, & Psychology 34