Gupta Empire ACHIEVEMENTS Golden Age of India set

Gupta Empire ACHIEVEMENTS : Golden Age of India – set up strong central government, trade and farming Mathematics: system of numerals, concept of zero, decimal system Medicine: treated illnesses and injuries with herbs and remedies, set broken bones, performed surgeries, and vaccinations

Tang Dynasty GOLDEN AGE of CHINA Land reform: gave land to the peasants Canals: helped in transportation of goods and people => increased trade Cultural Diffusion with Japanese: scholars and merchants brought writing and Buddhism to Japan Civil Service: adopted Confucianism – people received jobs based on merit Scholar Officials: intelligent officials made good, solid decisions benefitting the people Downfall: gov’t corruption, high taxes, drought and famine and rebellion

Song Dynasty Achievements: moveable type inc. printing & amount of books inc. Magnetic compass: helped in navigation & exploration – overseas trade & colonization Scholar officials: educated gov’t officials were held in very high regard Footbinding: women were crippled purposely = status symbol

Footbinding

Byzantine Empire Autocratic government • Justinian- Justinian’s Code – Refomred laws based on Roman Laws • Constantinople- Capital- was on a peninsula overlooking the Bosporus strait connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea) • Influenced by Greco Romans- taught the “classics”

The Great Schism Roman Catholic -Priests can’t marry -Language=Latin -no use of icons. Holy images -Pope head of church Orthodox Christian Church - Priests can marry - Language is Greek - mosaics

Impact- Cultural Diffusion • Trade linked Russia and Eastern Europe -Cyrillic Alphabet -adopted religious themed art, music and architecture (Byzantine Domes transformed into onion domes of Russia -Orthodox Christianity

ISLAM • SPLIT- Who should succeed Muhammad • Sunnis- Don’t need to be a direct relative of Muhammad • Shiites- Need to be a direct relative of Muhammad • Spread through trade and conquest • Islamic Law- based on the Koran and Shariah (controlled everyday life)

Social Status • • • WOMEN “Righteous women are obedient” However, men and women are equal Shariah gave women some rights SLAVES Prisoners of war and or non-Muslims Performed housework and served in the military

GOLDEN AGE • Muslim scholars opened libraries and encouraged learning • Translations of ancient texts became important • Calligraphy • Astronomy • Medicine • Architecture

Medieval Europe • Manorialism- economic system based on self sufficient manor • Serf-peasant farmer bound to land • Excommunicate- remove someone from the Catholic Church • Feudalism- Social and Political system based on land ownership (land-labor-loyalty) • Fiefs- someone who receives land • Vassals- landowners

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800 Modern day France, Germany, Italy

Feudalism • Nobles: landowners or high-ranking church officials • Vassals: lesser landowner Manorialism • Economic System based on mutual responsibility • Land ↔ labor, protection, loyalty • Everyone on manor contributes to the self- sufficiency of the manor

Medieval Church • Largest landowners- controlled Europe • Roman Catholic Church- most powerful • Unifying Force- feudalism broke people apart and Christianity brought them together • Architecture: Gothic- churches were made elaborately and as tall as possibleshowed power

Roles of Church • Economic: tithing (church tax) raised tremendous amounts of money • Political Power: had power of empires, collected taxes, formed armies, made treaties, and appointed and disposed of kings and princes • Learning: opened monasteries- educated and preached the word of God- advocated his beliefs • Jews persecuted

CRUSADES • Byzantine Emperor asked for help against the Muslims • Fought for control of Holy Land- Jerusalem • Salvation would be gained-promised a spot in Heaven if fought

CRUSADES- Cultural Diffusion • Trade- reintroduction of trade b/w Middle East and Europe; Europeans became interested in New Muslim and Eastern Goods • Learning- new ideas, people start questioning the church and experiment • Power of Rulers increase- church loses power and influence to local rulers • Relations- contact with Muslims & Chinese creates long-lasting tensions

CRUSADES- people • Urban II- Pope who called for Crusades • Saladin- Muslim ruler who helped the Muslims recapture the Holy land from the Christians • Richard the Lion Hearted- English King who went on Crusade and helped the Christians regain the Holy Land for only a brief period