Genocide War Crimes and Crimes against humanity Presented

Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against humanity Presented by STUDENT NAME

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. 1 Define the terms: a) Genocide, b)War Crimes and c) Crimes Against Humanity 2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) 2. 1 Weaknesses and Challenges 3. Case Study: South Sudan 3. 1 Country profile 3. 2 Causes of conflict 3. 3 Challenges & Solutions 4. Conclusion References

1. Introduction 1. 1 Define the terms: a) • Genocide First used by Raphael Lemkin, a Jewish lawyer, in 1944 Genos (race, tribe) and cide (killing) • Definition of genocide as contained in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide : “Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnical racial or religious group, as such: a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. ”

1. Introduction b) War Crimes • “Violations of international humanitarian law (treaty or customary law) that incur individual criminal responsibility under international law” (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court); • such as: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, intentionally directing attacks against civilians, etc. c) Crimes Against Humanity • “Acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population” (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court) • such as murder, extermination, torture, etc.

2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) • Approved in 1948 by the United Nations, entered into force in January 1951. • Ratified by 149 countries (as of January 2018)

2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) 2. 1 Weaknesses and Challenges Table One: Genocide and the International Response Prevent Punish East Pakistan (1971) -- -- Burundi (1972) -- -- Cambodia (1975 -1979) -- -- Nigeria (1967 -1970) -- -- Guatemala (1981 -1983) -- -- Iraq (1987 -1989) -- +/-- Bosnia I (1992 -1994) +/-- + Bosnia II (1994 -1995) + + Rwanda (1994) -- + Sudan (2003 -2007*) -- * + the Genocide was stopped with the use of force -- the Convention has been ignored or ineffectively used +/- the response has been mixed; *the genocide is still occurring Source: https: //scholarworks. gsu. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1016&context=political_science_theses

2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) 2. 1 Weaknesses and Challenges • UN Security Council: Opposite opinions • Countries’ willingness to intervene • Lack of enforcement mechanisms • Preventive action needs to be improved

3. Case Study: South Sudan 3. 1 Country profile • Genocide, ethnic cleansing happening in South Sudan since the civil war broke out in 2013 • 50, 000 people have been killed • 2. 3 million people have been displaced • Famine was declared in February 2017 (FAO) • May 2017: President Kiir announces unilateral ceasefire and launches a national dialogue

3. Case Study: South Sudan 3. 2 Causes of conflict • 2011: Gained Independence from mostly Muslim Sudan • Contains more than 60 ethnic groups. Two largest groups: Dinka vs. Nuer • US and international community withdrew after independence. • Tensions intensify: Riek Machar heavily criticizes Salva Kiir’s government policies • 2013: Civil war breaks out • Hate speech encourages violence against civilians Political conflict turns into ethnic conflict

3. Case Study: South Sudan 3. 3 Challenges & Solutions • Competition for resources • Intervention of neighbouring countries (Sudan, Uganda) • Flow of weapons into the region, from Chinese national weapons manufacturer NORINCO • UN is asking for immediate intervention, but no sign of cooperation • US imposes an unilateral arms embargo: more symbolic than useful • US is pushing for a UN arms embargo unlikely to pass UN Security Council • Current peace talks between Salva Kiir and Riek Machar finally an end to the civil war

4. Conclusion • CPPCG still needs improvement for more effectiveness • Ignorance and unwillingness to intervene extend conflicts • Intervention of the international community is slow or ineffective

Any questions or comments? Thank you for listening!

References • http: //endgenocide. org/learn/what-is-genocide/ • http: //www. preventgenocide. org/law/convention/text. htm • https: //www. britannica. com/topic/genocide#ref 283848 • https: //scholarworks. gsu. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1016&context=political_science_theses • https: //www. vox. com/world/2016/12/8/13817072/south-sudan-crisis-explained-ethnic-cleansing-genocide • http: //www. un. org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes. html • https: //paanluelwel. com/2017/04/23/the-politics-of-genocide-and-the-failure-to-protect-human-rights-in-southsudan/ • https: //www. economist. com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/12/10/the-chaos-in-south-sudan-keeps-getting-worse • http: //www. fao. org/emergencies/countries/detail/en/c/147627 • https: //www. bbc. com/news/world-africa-14019202 • https: //www. hrw. org/news/2018/02/02/time-ripe-un-arms-embargo-south-sudan • https: //www. nytimes. com/aponline/2018/06/22/world/africa/ap-af-south-sudan-civil-war. html • https: //www. washingtonpost. com/national/south-sudans-rival-leaders-set-to-meet-again-insudan/2018/06/25/8 ac 7 c 2 de-7859 -11 e 8 -ac 4 e-421 ef 7165923_story. html? utm_term=. 02 d 90 b 776382