Freshwater Ecology Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology

Figure 11. 1 A groundwater-dwelling isopod (Caecidotea tridentata previous page) and a green heron

Figure 11. 2 A diagram of diversity in two sets of ponds. When AD

Figure 11. 3 Examples of species rarefication curves. In this example, each sample was

Figure 11. 4 Number of endemic species for some large lakes of the world.

Figure 11. 5 A variety of gammarids from Lake Baikal, demonstrating diversity of body

Figure 11. 6 Some of the many varieties of fishes in the family Cichlidae

Figure 11. 7 Phylogeny and convergent adaptation of fishes in the family Cichlidae from

Figure 11. 8 Representative invertebrate groups as a function of habitat in a small

Figure 11. 9 Number of diatom species on glass plates of various surface areas

Figure 11. 10 Number of invertebrates as a function of stone size in an

Figure 11. 11 The diatom Didymospenia gemenata causes dense mats that completely cover the

Figure 11. 12 The Devils Hole Pupfish (A), the only small spring where it

Figure 11. 13 A jar full of frogs killed by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium

Figure 11. 14 Percentage threatened species, numbers of native species, and stressors in Europe.

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Figure 11. 1 A groundwater-dwelling isopod (Caecidotea tridentata previous page) and a green heron (Butorides striatus). Heron photo courtesy: Steve Hamilton. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 2 A diagram of diversity in two sets of ponds. When AD are considered versus EH, both have approximately the same overall diversity. When α diversity (within-habitat diversity) is measured, ponds in the AD group have lower diversity than those in the EH group. When β diversity (between-habitat diversity) is measured, ponds in the AD group have higher diversity than those in the EH group. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 3 Examples of species rarefication curves. In this example, each sample was a fish gut taken from one of eight predatory fish species collected on the Canadian Shield, and the number of new species found with each additional sample was recorded. Two methods were used, (1) traditional taxonomy based on morphology of animal remains in the fish gut and (2) DNA barcoding to indicate the species composition in each stomach. The solid lines give the curves of sampling effort for each method and the dashed lines the 95% confidence intervals around those lines. Figure after Bartley et al. (2015). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 4 Number of endemic species for some large lakes of the world. The area of the North American Great Lakes is approximately 10 times greater than that of any of the other lakes shown. Reproduced with permission from Cohen (1995). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 5 A variety of gammarids from Lake Baikal, demonstrating diversity of body form: (A) Ommatogammarus albinus, body length up to 25 mm; (B) Abyssogammarus sarmatus, body length up to 63 mm; (C) Crypturopus pachytus, body length up to 18 mm; and (D) Garjajewia cabanisi, body length up to 80 mm. Reproduced with permission from Kozhov (1963). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 6 Some of the many varieties of fishes in the family Cichlidae from Lake Tanganyika. Julidochromis, omnivorous; Petrochromis, herbivorous; Tropheus, herbivorous; Cyphotilapia, ambush predator, gastropods; Bathybates, piscivorous; Lobochilotes, insectivorous. From Gillespie et al. (2001). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 7 Phylogeny and convergent adaptation of fishes in the family Cichlidae from Lake Tanganyika. Reproduced with permission from Muschick et al. (2012). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 8 Representative invertebrate groups as a function of habitat in a small lake. Redrawn from Thorp and Covich (1991 b). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 9 Number of diatom species on glass plates of various surface areas after 1 week in Ridley Creek, Pennsylvania. Data from Patrick (1967). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 10 Number of invertebrates as a function of stone size in an Australian stream and number of fish as a function of lake size in small Wisconsin lakes. (A) From Douglas and Lake (1994); (B) Data from Tonn and Magnuson (1982). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 11 The diatom Didymospenia gemenata causes dense mats that completely cover the bottom of some streams (A) and has become abundant in many streams were it previously was not found. It forms dense mucilaginous mats (B) and is referred to commonly as “rock snot. ” Images courtesy: Justin Murdock. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 12 The Devils Hole Pupfish (A), the only small spring where it is found with water monitoring gear installed (B), and Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility (C). Photographs A and B courtesy: United States National Park Service. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 13 A jar full of frogs killed by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Panama (A) and a dead Bufo haematiticus (B) in a Panamanian stream. Photographs courtesy: Scott Connolly and Forrest Brem. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019

Figure 11. 14 Percentage threatened species, numbers of native species, and stressors in Europe. (A) % fishes threatened (larger red dots mean more threatened) and fish species (darker green areas have more native diversity), (B) % amphibians threatened (larger red dots mean more threatened) and amphibian species (darker green areas have more native diversity), (C) nonnative fishes (darker colors mean more species), (D) % developed areas, (E) fragmentation, and (F) degree of water stress. Image from Tockner et al. (2009). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology © 2019