Dr Christine Haddow Dr Mandy Winterton Dr Katrina









![• Loss of Military Identity: [I] kept on getting in to trouble and • Loss of Military Identity: [I] kept on getting in to trouble and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2d3d6047caa10b25b42f486e06bc2b9b/image-10.jpg)









- Slides: 19

Dr Christine Haddow, Dr Mandy Winterton, Dr Katrina Morrison, Dr Kirsty Deacon Transitioning Out Of Crime: A Desistance Framework for Understanding the Narratives of Incarcerated Veterans

Ex-Military Personnel in Custody • Estimates ranging from 4 -8% of Scottish prison population have military experience (SPS, 2018) • Offending often explained through PTSD (Elbogen et al. , 2012; Mc. Manus et al. , 2013) • Exposure to violence/trauma (before and in-service), problematic transitions from military life, alcohol misuse, mental health issues, and military identities may also play a role (Howard League 2011; Murray 2013; Wainwright et al 2016).

Scottish Prison Service (2016) Military Veteran Prisoners 2018, p. 6 https: //www. sps. gov. uk/Corporate/Publications/Publication-6090. aspx

Desistance • How and why do people stop offending? • Turning points in the life course – military service (Sampson and Laub, 1993; Laub and Sampson, 2001; Farrall, 2002) • Identity transformation (Maruna, 2001; Gadd and Farrall, 2004) • “An emphasis on desistance is essential if we are to help prevent reoffending. ” (SPS, 2016) • Support: Veterans in Custody Support Officers (VICSOs), 3 rd sector organisations e. g. SACRO, Poppy Scotland

Pilot Study: 2017 -18 13 interviews with VIC at HMP Glenochil and HMP Edinburgh Emerging Themes: Key Issues in Practice • Identity: pride and shame • Decisions to disclose • Trauma and mental health • Barriers to formal support • Trust and suspicion • Reliance on informal support • Institutionalisation and adaptation • Expectations of fairness and ‘follow • Isolation and support through’

Current Project: 2019 -Present • Research Aim: To explore the process of desistance from crime for military veterans in the Scottish Prison Service with a focus on: identity, transitions, support • Sample: Male, age 20 s-70 s, range of service branches (primarily army), range of offence categories (primarily violent/sexual) • Methods: • Recruitment facilitated through SPS data; evening classes; coffee mornings • 15 biographical semi-structured interviews (28 total) and 1 focus group • Pilot of ‘Longitudinal Asset Plotting’ calendar

Ethics and Positionality • Ethics: • • Protection of participants: emotional harm Informed consent: risk of coercion Anonymity and confidentiality: limits Risks to research team: vicarious trauma • Positionality: How has being an all female, academic, civilian research team shaped our findings?


Identity: Pride and Shame • Masculinities: I had done of these tours, and I had done certain things on the job that … that would make Jason Bourne look like a pussy… (VIC. 1. A) I had a female commander that was in charge of me in training, and sergeants quite rightly told us on the first day, she's not in charge, she only wears the pips, you do what we say or you'll get battered. (VIC. 1. B) • Professionalism (Kasurak, 2009) I was one of the best soldiers, to be quite honest. (VIC. 1. E) I was overseas a few times. Germany, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Greece … a couple of other places I have been as well but I cannae really speak about. (VIC. 1. A)
![Loss of Military Identity I kept on getting in to trouble and • Loss of Military Identity: [I] kept on getting in to trouble and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2d3d6047caa10b25b42f486e06bc2b9b/image-10.jpg)
• Loss of Military Identity: [I] kept on getting in to trouble and couldn’t cope with civilian life. I wasn’t a civilian. And for years I hadn’t been. I didn’t want to be. Who wants to be a civilian? (VIC. 1. F) I know for definite I am not the same person I was prior to the army. I used to be so timid. (VIC. 1. B) • Shame: I am proud as shit with the boys [military peers]. I am ashamed of what I have done, but I am proud that I served and proud that I served with the guys. (VIC. 2. D) Because it's like that, yeah, it's the worst you could ever do. And you've just basically spat on your regiment, spat on everything I stood for. (VIC. 1. D)

Transitions: Institutionalisation and Adaptation • Leaving military service: There was no rehabilitation into civvy street, there was nothing like that. (VIC. 1. B) Absolutely everything is done. And then you’re getting put into a situation where it’s no… you know I didn’t even know how to go to the doctors never mind pay my gas and electric. (VIC. 1. E) They train you, put you back into civvy life and expect you just to get on with it. But you can’t. It is just not possible. You are always hyper vigilant, always on edge. (VIC. 2. E) I couldn’t cope with anything. Like I say I have always been a really confident person, really confident and things and when I was trying to retrain and that, I was trying to manage that to get into new work. And I went to a job interview in Glasgow, and I drove all the way up to Glasgow, went in, sat in the waiting room, anxiety kicked in big time. I just … I felt horrible, I felt I couldnae sit … I needed to go. I just got up and left and drove back home. Half way doon the road I am thinking ‘what just happened there? ’. I went all the way to Glasgow for an interview and just panicked and left. (VIC. 2. H)

• Decisions to Disclose: Because not everybody wants to do it, as I said, 'cause you don't know, you're here in with murderers, you're in here with terrorists. (VIC. 1. I) Absolutely not, because you would think there would be special security measures for soldiers. (VIC. 1. A) • Veteran prisoners as ‘Army Strong’? (Logan and Pare, 2017) Cause you can get used to anything. If you can live in a ditch in the middle of nowhere and shit, you can get used to doing this. (VIC. 1. C) In the Navy everything was sat down and spelled out to you what you do. In here, nothing. You’ve got to just learn everything as you go along. (E) Coming out of jail is exactly like coming out of the army. There was a big fat zero there and nobody wanted to know. (VIC. 1. K)

Support: Isolation and ‘Assets’ • Sceptical of formal support: I just feel like by not exaggerating it [mental health] I am maybe not getting the help that need. I just feel too proud to do that. (VIC. 2. L) I said, “how old are you? ” [she said] “Twenty-nine. ” I said, “well if you lived to have a million 29 years, you will never go through what I went through from the age of 17 to 19. You will never see the horrors that I’ve seen and witnessed. ” (VIC. 1. G) • The importance of shared experience: Dealing with somebody you know compared to somebody you don’t makes a hell of a difference, especially to people who might not be the most secure within themselves. If you are going out there with rampant insecurity, ‘he is looking at me, he must know I was in jail’ that kind of shit is going to go on in people’s heads. So to have somebody there … that knows the score and is not going to judge you and is just going to say ‘what do you need? ’ … ‘how are you doing, what can we do for you today, how are you feeling, talk to me …’ brilliant. (VIC. 1. A) And it was good because we were standing amongst them [VICSOs] and it wasn’t prisonerofficer-civilian, it was everybody, we were just there to show respect and it was brilliant. (VIC. 2. G)

• Organic peer support among veteran community in prison: Well, most ex army guys kind of do it themselves, know what I mean, if I know John, my next door neighbour, is upset, I quickly go in and have a little word with him, or say something funny, that maybe other people won't understand, but he'll understand it, know what I mean. (VIC. 1. D) To build my confidence I have got to help somebody build theirs. I think in the future that is what is going to build me into a better person again, is to see me do good. (V. I. C. 2. L) • Family as the key source of support in the community: It wasn’t me that noticed any problems or anything. It was my mum and my partner who said there was something not quite right and the sent me to the doctors and they had me diagnosed as depression for about nine, ten months. Put me on to a specialist and finally I got the PTSD diagnosis, post-traumatic stress. (VIC. 2. C) I have had girlfriends down the line but it is more to do with this non trust thing. I just dinnae trust people these days. I haven’t for a very long time. (VIC. 2. J)

Key Questions from SPS: Why do we see so many veterans in custody with convictions for sexual violence? But the problem with a lot of the veterans in custody, particularly of an older bracket and they sort of grew up with a different view of sex. They grew up with the idea that sex was man’s right. Women are all gagging for it. (VIC. 2. M) We had got into a massive argument and they were overreacting and the anger just came flying oot. (VIC. 2. H) I got shot down. Because nobody wants a beast making poppies (VIC. 2. I) With this whole s. o. [sex offence] it just seems to be no one wants to give me a job, no one wants to give you anything to look up to, look forward to, you know. And that’s what I need, I need to be in a good positive mentality of people giving me a chance. (V. I. C. 2. D)

Key Questions from SPS Why are we seeing an increasing number of veterans returning regularly to custody? It became a ‘whenever I could’ type of thing when I was in the military. Whenever you could, as much as you could. You know … and I’m still like that. I have been battling alcoholism for a long, long time. (VIC. 2. K) I just feel like I am going to lose everything. I am rubbish with money. I am rubbish in relationships. My emotions are wild. I am anxious. I am more nervous than I have ever been. I don’t understand it. I have never been like this. I feel like my confidence is gone and I just don’t have any … when the façade has gone I am just left … do you know what I mean? I think in the army it is a bit of a façade and when that kind of false confidence goes you are just a shell and I just feel like I am just a shell of a person. (VIC. 2. L)

What does this mean for Desistance? • Turning points - military service disrupts social processes and positive identities which support desistance: It is not a married man’s life in the army. (VIC. 1. C) I felt like the biggest failure in life when I let the army. (VIC. 1. I) • Identity transformation – military pride can be redeemed: [A prison officer] had written to the Parole Board saying that… “he’s actually regained the camaraderie, you know, and fellowship with human beings that he had before he committed his first offence. He’s actually the person he was before he became a criminal. He’s regained that. ” And he was right. I didn’t know he’d done this. He did this behind my back. And he just handed it to me and he…I hadn’t recognised…I hadn’t seen it. I felt happy within myself, I didn’t realise that…yeah, and when I thought about it, he’s actually right. I feel that I’m now once again a member…I could be a member of society, you know, some day where…you know, respect and things like that. (VIC. 1. F)

Transferable skills from military service Veteran support organisations (3 rd Sector) Families Assets for Ex Military Personnel Military peers VICSOS

Conclusions: Insights for practice • Regaining military pride: • Importance of feeling respected in custody and in interactions with others. • An ‘asset’ in the desistance process - Engaging VICs as veterans and labelling activities in this way appears to encourage ‘buy in’. • Assisting transitions: • Establishing trusting relationships is important to veterans. • Development of ‘pro-social’ networks is positive for desistance e. g. coffee mornings, evening classes. • Engaging veterans with support: • Shared experience – the role of VICSOs and requests of peer mentoring. • The importance of the role of families is pronounced. To support veterans they must also be supported.
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