CSCI 125 161 ENGR 144 Class 1 Martin

CSCI 125 & 161 / ENGR 144 Class 1 Martin van Bommel

History of Computers Modern computer results from • Mechanization of arithmetic • Concept of stored programs

Mechanization • Blaise Pascal (1623 -1662) • 1642 - Pascal’s Adder – gears and wheels – could only add, calculate taxes for his father • Gottfried von Liebniz (1646 -1716) - calculus • 1670’s - Liebniz calculator – add, subtract, multiply, divide – more reliable and accurate

Stored Program • Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752 -1834) • 1800 - Jacquard’s Loom – metal punch cards to position threads for the weaving process • Herman Hollerith (1860 -1929) – 1890 US census – store and process census data on punched cards

Charles Babbage (1792 -1871) • 1822 -33 - Difference Engine – compute polynomials for math tables • 1830 -71 - Analytic Engine – designed but never completed, ahead of its time – Mill - arithmetic computations – Store - store data and results – Operation cards - program instructions – Variable cards - select memory location for ops – Output - printer or punch cards

Analytic Engine

Ada Agusta • • Daughter of Lord Byron Wrote about analytical engine Designed several programs for it Known as the first programmer • 1970’s Dept. of Defence named its programming language Ada

First Computers • 1939 -42 - ABC - used binary – John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (Iowa State) – small scale - 300 vacuum tubes • 1944 - Mark I - programmable – electromechanical computer – Howard Aiken (Harvard U. ) – first real analytical engine – based on relays & a motor • Grace Hopper - debugging Mark II

ENIAC - 1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator • Best known as first fully electronic computer • John Mauchly & J. P. Eckert, U. of Pennsylvania • 18, 000 vacuum tubes • 1, 500 relays • 20 x 40 foot room • low reliability, lots of power, air conditioning

von Neumann Architecture • 1947 - Mauchly, Eckert & von Neumann created EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (binary, stored program) • John von Neumann (Princeton) – wrote about stored program concept – both programs and data stored in same memory – basis of almost all modern computers • modern computers said to use von Neumann architecture

Computer Generations • 1 st Generation - before 1960 – vacuum tubes and relays ENIAC • 2 nd Generation - 1958 - 65 – transistors IBM 7090 • 3 rd Generation - 1964 - 80 – integrated circuits or chips IBM 360 • 4 th Generation - after 1980 – microprocessors - large-scale integration • (link)

Fifth-Generation? • Japanese Government had plans in 1980 s – Build intelligent systems capable of intelligent thought and language recognition – Project ended in 1992 • What will fifth generation have? – Intelligence? – Parallel processing? – Quantum computing? Human behavior? Multiple cores? Nanotechnology?