Constituent structure Heads modifiers and arrangements of words

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Constituent structure

Constituent structure

Heads, modifiers and arrangements of words • Dependencies are central to syntax. • Speakers

Heads, modifiers and arrangements of words • Dependencies are central to syntax. • Speakers and writers produce words and phrases one after the other. • Heads and modifiers tend to occur next to each other. • In English nouns can be modified by various types of words and phrases – adjectives, prepositional phrases and relative clauses, nor to mention words such as a, the, this and some

Transposition • Many sequences of words can be moved together into different slots in

Transposition • Many sequences of words can be moved together into different slots in a clause; this is evidence that the words form a phrase.

Substitution • A single word can substitute for a number of words hanging together

Substitution • A single word can substitute for a number of words hanging together as a phrase. • Barbara handed the rather intriguing results of the latest examination to Alan on Tuesday. • Barbara handed them to Alan on Tuesday.

Elipsis • A The terrier attached the bulglar. The terrier savaged the bulgar´s ankle.

Elipsis • A The terrier attached the bulglar. The terrier savaged the bulgar´s ankle. • B The terrier attached the bulglar and the terrier savaged the bulglar´s ankles. • C The terrier attached the bulglar and savaged the bulglar´s ankles.

Phrases: words and slots • In everyday usage, the term phrase is applied only

Phrases: words and slots • In everyday usage, the term phrase is applied only to sequences of more than one word. • Barbara handed the results to Alan on Tuesday. • Barbara handed them to Alan on Tuesday.

Coordination • Words of the same type can be coordinated, that is, joined by

Coordination • Words of the same type can be coordinated, that is, joined by special words such as and or. • Phrases of the same type can be coordinated, and clauses of the same type.

Summary • Heads and their modifiers are typically grouped together inside clauses. Different languages

Summary • Heads and their modifiers are typically grouped together inside clauses. Different languages have different orders of head and modifiers. There are three tests for whether a sequence of words forms a phrase: transposition, substitution and ellipsis.

• In syntax, the term phrase is applied to single words and to

• In syntax, the term phrase is applied to single words and to sequences of words. • Phrases can be extended indefinitely, different types of phrase have different types of head, phrases occur in clauses but clauses can also occur inside phrases.

Video • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=B 3 n. ZV 6_ w. NSY&t=237 s

Video • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=B 3 n. ZV 6_ w. NSY&t=237 s • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 sj. ZVH 8 21 Ak • Heads and modifiers

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cth 5 U 6 v PFYU • Head

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cth 5 U 6 v PFYU • Head and Modifires • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. Pve. Uld nuv 8 MODIFIERS. (part 2) with exercises. BEST English Grammar Videos

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