Classification of the Consonants PlaceVoiceManner Manner of Production

Classification of the Consonants Place-Voice-Manner

Manner of Production Stops [p, b, t, d, k, g] and [ ] n Formed by blocking the oral cavity, thereby stopping the airstream at some point n Air pressure builds up in the oral cavity n Voiceless stops are aspirated at beginning of words n Velopharynx is closed

Stops (con’t) n Bilabial stops n n Alveolar stops n n 6 stops /t, d/ Velar stops n n /p, b/ /k, g/ Glottal stop / / (voiced/voiceless)

Stops (con’t) n n Deaf speakers usually voice all stops Flap [ ] – an allophone of /t/ and /d/ that occurs intervocalically in words such as “city”, “ladder”, “butter”, “writer”, “Patty” n n A tap or bounce of the tongue on the alveolar ridge Epenthetic stop n Insert (epenthesis) a stop between a nasal and a fricative • Prince, prints • Warmth • something

Fricatives [f, v, , , s, z, , ] and [h] Produced by forcing air out through a narrow constriction n Air creates a noisy turbulence n Velopharynx is closed n

Fricatives (con’t) Labiodental /f, v/ n Linguadental / , / n Alveolar /s, z/ 8 -9 fricatives n Palatal / , / voiced/voiceless n [glottal] /h/ n

Fricatives (con’t) Lisp (alveolar and palatal fricatives) n Speakers who have difficulty with fricatives n Cleft palate – air escapes through the cleft n Deaf speakers – don’t distinguish voicing n

Affricates [t , d ] n Made up of a plosive and a homorganic fricative n n The two are articulated in one movement and act as a single unit Velopharynx is closed

Affricates (con’t) n Voiceless palatal affricate [t ] n Voiceled palatal affricate [d ]

Affricates (con’t) n Dental affricates n German and Italian • Nazi • pizza

Nasals [m, n, ] Oral cavity is completely closed, as it is for stops n Velopharynx is open n Have a syllabic nature n n They may form a syllable with no othr vowel [m, n, ] • “button” [b n] ~ [b n] • “bottom” [b ] ~ [b m]

Nasals (con’t) n Bilabial [m] n Alveolar [n] n Velar [ ]

Glides [w, j] and [h] Articulators make a gradual gliding motion toward and from a vowel n Therefore, can only occur pre- and intervocalically; NEVER word-finally n Most vowel-like of the approximants (frictionless continuants – glides and liquids) n

Glides (con’t) n Labio-velar glide [w] n Palatal glide [j] n Glottal glide [h]

Liquids [l, r] n Shares characteristics with other approximants No friction or blockage n Vowel-like quality n n Can function as either a consonant or a vowel

Liquids (con’t) n Lateral liquid [l] n n Voiced alveolar liquid 2 kinds of [l] • Light [l] – “leaf” • Dark [ ] – “dull” • Additional arching of tongue in velar region n Rhotic liquid [r] n n n Voiced palatal liquid Tongue is raised and retracted in a tight knot Tongue is “bunched”

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises n Voiced palatal glide n Voiceless glottal glide n Voiceless palatal affricate n Voiced labio-velar glide n Voiced palatal affricate

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises n /j/ n /d ] n /w/ n /j, d , t ] n /t , h/

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises n n n n Voiced velar stop Voiceless palatal fricative Voiceless alveolar stop Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiced labio-dental fricative Voiced velar stop Voiced bilabial stop Palatal glide

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises n /v/ n /s/ n /j/ n /p, t, k, t , f, , s, / n /t, d, s, z/