Animal Taxonomy Kingdoms of life Three Kingdoms of

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Animal Taxonomy

Animal Taxonomy

Kingdoms of life

Kingdoms of life

Three Kingdoms of life 2 1 3 prokaryotic 3 There are three Kingdoms of

Three Kingdoms of life 2 1 3 prokaryotic 3 There are three Kingdoms of life" 1 Bacteria (Eubacteria), 2 Archaea, Archaea 3 Eukaryota (Fungi, Protesta, Plantae & Animalia) 1 2

1 - Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) • Current taxonomy recognizes two prokaryotic domains (Kingdoms):

1 - Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) • Current taxonomy recognizes two prokaryotic domains (Kingdoms): domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. • Bacteria and archaea exist so early in life and are very different. • At the same time, they both are structurally organized at the prokaryotic level.

1 - Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) • Prokarytes exist in habitats that are too

1 - Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) • Prokarytes exist in habitats that are too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, or too alkaline for any eukaryote. • Prokaryotes often interact with other species of prokaryotes or eukaryotes with complementary metabolisms. • These relationships called (symbiosis) in three types: 1. Commensalism : one partner receives benefits while the other is 2. 3. not harmed or helped by the relationship. Parasitism : one partner, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. Mutualism: both partners benefit from each other.

Commensalism Mutualism

Commensalism Mutualism

A)- Archaea • Archaea are extremophilesof extreme environments and can be classified into: a)-

A)- Archaea • Archaea are extremophilesof extreme environments and can be classified into: a)- Extreme halophiles: • live in such saline places as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. • Some species require an extremely salty environment to grow. b)- Extreme thermophiles live in hot environments. • The optimum temperatures for most thermophiles are 60 - 80°C.

B)- bacteria • Bacteria is considered as the most known prokarotes. • The major

B)- bacteria • Bacteria is considered as the most known prokarotes. • The major bacterial taxa (species) are now accorded kingdom status by most prokaryotic systematists. • Different types of diseases are caused by bacteria including cholera, many sexually transmissible diseases, and certain types of food poisoning. • However, more bacteria are beneficial. – Bacteria in our intestines produce important vitamins. – Bacteria recycle CO 2 and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere. • Bacteria often live in close association among themselves and with eukaryotes in symbiotic relationships.

Most common shape of bacteria 1 - cocci : are spherical shape 2 -

Most common shape of bacteria 1 - cocci : are spherical shape 2 - Bacilli: are rode shape 3 - spiral : range from comma –like shape to long coil • Spherical, rod shape or spiral occur singly or in pair

Harmful prokaryotes (Pathogenes) • Some pathogens produce disease by invading the tissues of the

Harmful prokaryotes (Pathogenes) • Some pathogens produce disease by invading the tissues of the host. • More commonly, pathogens cause illness by producing poisons, called exotoxins and endotoxins. • Pathogenic prokaryotes cause about half of all human disease. • The actinomycete that causes tuberculosis is an example of this source of symptoms.

Beneficial prokaryotes • Humans have learned to exploit the diverse metabolic capabilities of prokaryotes,

Beneficial prokaryotes • Humans have learned to exploit the diverse metabolic capabilities of prokaryotes, for scientific research and for practical purposes. • Prokaryotes are used to solve environmental problems. • Humans also use bacteria as metabolic “factories” for commercial products. • The application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil is bioremediation

Viruses • Virus : is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside

Viruses • Virus : is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms • Consist of two part : 1 - the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information. 2 - a protein coat that protects these genes; and in some cases an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell. • Virus reproduce only in the host cell and cause disease by damage and kill the cell by producing toxin

The Summary ? Viruses Fungi Plants Three Kingdom of life Eukaryotes Animals Archae bacteria

The Summary ? Viruses Fungi Plants Three Kingdom of life Eukaryotes Animals Archae bacteria Protista Eubacteria