6 3 Jefferson Alters the Nations Course 1

6 -3: Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course

1. How did Jefferson simplify the Federal Government • He reduced the size of government and military • He cut costs and eliminated internal taxes • He reduced influence of the national bank • He favored free (rather than government controlled) trade • He brought a more casual – informal style to the presidency (walking to his inauguration, not wearing a wig, and wearing casual clothing)

2. How did Jefferson’s presidency help bring about Southern dominance in federal politics • Jefferson’s political moderation won him supporters and decreased support for the Federalists, who were dominant in the North • National expansion under his administration increased the base of support for Southern Republicans • He was the first president to take office in Washington, D. C. which is located in the South

3. How did the Federalists lose power during the Jefferson Administration • Jefferson’s political moderation proved he was not the radical that Federalists claimed • National expansion worked against the Federalists • Jefferson replaced many Federalist government officials with Republicans • Some Federalists would not campaign for election among the common people • Hamilton, an important Federalist, was killed in a duel

4. What was the long-term importance of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison? • In Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional • This decision established the principal of judicial review. –This principle allows the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

5. How did the Louisiana Purchase and affect the United States and its government? • The purchase doubled the size of U. S. territory • It expanded the power of the presidency and the central government

6. Who led the exploration of the Louisiana Territory. What were the results of the expedition? • Meriweather Lewis and William Clark were leaders of an expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase • They brought back invaluable information about the West and showed that cross-country travel was possible • They opened the way for settlement of the West • They strengthened American claims to the Oregon Territory

Aaron Burr: • Vice President under Jefferson • • Democratic-Republican and running mate of Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 election He received the same amount of electoral votes as Jefferson Alexander Hamilton, who disliked Burr, convinced his supporters in the House to vote for Jefferson for President This controversy revealed a problem with the election system (The nation solved it by passing the 12 th Amendment- which called for electors to vote separately for President and Vice-President) Burr would later kill Hamilton in a duel

B. President Adams pushed a law through congress called the Judiciary Act of 1801. This law increased the number of Supreme Court justices to 16. Adams quickly filled the positions with Federalists, who became known as the Midnight Judges as they were appointed to the Supreme Court on the last day of Adam’s administration. Adams also appointed John Marshall, a Federalist, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Adams packing of the courts with Federalists angered the Democratic-Republicans who argued that these appointments were not valid. This argument led to the Marbury v. Madison case. William Marbury, one of Adam’s last minute appointments, never received his official papers, and Secretary of State, James Madison wouldn’t give them to him. In his famous ruling, John Marshall said that Congress’s Judiciary Act of 1789, which would have forced Madison to hand over the papers, was unconstitutional because the Constitution contained no provision for the Supreme Court to issue such orders as the act required. Marbury never got his commission, but the principle of Judicial Review was affirmed. (The ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional)

• Daniel Boone: One of America’s great frontier guides. He led the clearing of a rode from Virginia, through the Cumberland Gap, into the heart of Kentucky. When finished the Wilderness Road became one of the major routes for westward migration • Sacajawea: Native American women who served as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition