THOMAS EDWARD SHIELDS INSTRUCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING in 1917 Philosophy

THOMAS EDWARD SHIELDS: INSTRUCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING in 1917 Philosophy of Education Published, 1917, Catholic Education Press, Washington, DC Chapter XII “Balances in Development” an examination of the scaffolding metaphor in the context of the balance between the mental growth and mental development of the child followed by a limited comparative analysis of the scaffolding metaphor

“all unnecessary growth impedes development” (Shields, Philosophy of Education, 201) “Give the child only that which is helpful to the phase of development through which he is passing. ” “Where did you get your eyes of blue? Out of the sky as I came through. ” George Mac. Donald, “Baby” (Shields, 202)

THE SCAFFOLDING METAPHOR Development must precede growth (Shields, my text) “Comprehension of the solution must precede production” (Wood, Bruner and Ross, 1976) HOW should it be applied? Langer and Applebee, 1986 / Puntambekar and Hubscher, 2005 / Anghileri, 2006 WHY should we use it? Stone, 1998 / Pea, 2004 WHAT does it mean? Kirschner, Sweller and Clark, 2006 / Hmelo-Silver, Duncan and Chinn, 2007 / de Pol, Volman and Beishuizen, 2010 WHERE does it originate? Cazden, 1979 / Shvarts and Bakker, 2019

Should further examination of the scaffolding metaphor continue? What more can we learn from the life and work of Thomas Edward Shields? Does a common source exist between John Milton Gregory’s Seven Laws of Teaching and Shields’ Philosophy of Education? What philosophy and methodology do practitioners of the current classical schools movement in the United States follow?