Research methods in clinical psychology An introduction for

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Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners Chris Barker, Nancy

Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners Chris Barker, Nancy Pistrang, and Robert Elliott CHAPTER 7 Observation

Advantages of observation • • Direct, objective measure of behaviour Assesses behaviour in its

Advantages of observation • • Direct, objective measure of behaviour Assesses behaviour in its context Examines sequence over time Does not require participant's awareness of behaviour

Disadvantages of observation • Potential reactivity • Only good for overt behaviours (but can

Disadvantages of observation • Potential reactivity • Only good for overt behaviours (but can observe “verbal behaviour”)

Qualitative observation • Participant observation • Text-based methods

Qualitative observation • Participant observation • Text-based methods

Participant observation • • Roots: ethnographic approach in anthropology Researcher is “immersed” in setting

Participant observation • • Roots: ethnographic approach in anthropology Researcher is “immersed” in setting Systematic, usually unstructured, observation Detailed records (“field notes”), generally from memory – “If it’s not written down, it never happened” • Examples: – Goffman (1961) “Asylums” – Taylor & Bogdan (1998)

Participant observation (ctd. ) • Methodological problems – reactivity – observer bias • Ethical

Participant observation (ctd. ) • Methodological problems – reactivity – observer bias • Ethical issues – covert observation – witnessing illegal or immoral behaviour

Text-based research • Close study of communication (written or spoken) • Many sources of

Text-based research • Close study of communication (written or spoken) • Many sources of text • Focus on structure of communication – underlying assumptions and meanings • Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis • Several different versions (from sociology, linguistics, etc. ) • British psychologists

Discourse analysis • Several different versions (from sociology, linguistics, etc. ) • British psychologists influenced by Potter and Wetherell's (1987) approach: – – Works from detailed transcripts Functionalist: what language does “Discourse repertoire” “Subject positioning” • Examples: – Madill & Barkham (1997) – Harper (1994)

Quantitative observation: background • Behavioural observation: – eliminate inferences • Psychotherapy process research: –

Quantitative observation: background • Behavioural observation: – eliminate inferences • Psychotherapy process research: – objective record of interaction • Content analysis: – mass media research

Quantitative observation: methods • Narrative recording – qualitative record • Event recording – overall

Quantitative observation: methods • Narrative recording – qualitative record • Event recording – overall frequency data • Interval recording – frequency within intervals • Time sampling – record at specific times /ctd.

Observation methods ctd. • Sequential act coding – code behaviours in order • Duration

Observation methods ctd. • Sequential act coding – code behaviours in order • Duration recording – record times taken • Global rating scales – overall judgement • Environmental measures – overall activity patterns

Pragmatics of observation • Define behaviours – level of inference • • • Develop

Pragmatics of observation • Define behaviours – level of inference • • • Develop coding manual Recruit and train raters Check reliability Code actual data Continuously monitor reliability

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