Moral Development and Moral Universals Mario Maliki MD

Moral Development and Moral Universals Mario Malički, MD, MA Department of Medical Humanities School of Medicine University of Split

MORAL principle of conduct good vs. bad "reaction“

Virtue – moral excellence A virtuous doctor is a good doctor Morality has exceptions – the LAW does not Human behavior – attempt to preserve consistency between image of self and ones actions There is a difference between moral expert and moral superiority

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Trolley problem Phillipa Foot 1967 The New York Times; Illustration by Frank O’Connell

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 3 -7 y “I would cheat if I knew I wouldn't get caught” 1. Obedience and punishment “I’ll let you copy my work, if you give me 2. Self-interest orientation something in return” Level 2 (Conventional) highschool 3. Interpersonal conformity “I wont do it, cause I wont her to like me” 4. Authority and social-order “You cant do it as teacher said no” Level 3 (Post-Conventional) college “There may be an exception to the rule” 5. Social contract orientation “You shouldn't lie as it violates the 6. Universal ethical principles principle”

Hamlin – Social evaluation by preverbal infants 2007 – helpers and hinderes

Kanakogi 2013 - Rudimentary Sympathy in Preverbal Infants

Warneken 2006 -7 Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees

Animal Cruelty and Bestiality Dr. John. Macdonald – triad: • enuresis >5 years • fire setting • animal cruelty “an alert to both the parents and the community that the child is seriously troubled” and “may well lead to adult aggressive antisocial behavior”

• 1. 8% in U. S. adults (40 000 sample - 2009) • 2006 – a study showed that those who engaged in bestiality were statistically more likely to have been convicted of a personal crime such as rape, sexual assault, robbery, or assault than those who reported no history of sex with animals (χ2 = 4. 71, p= 0. 03)

Frans De Waal – empathy in animals

Empathy

Definition of empathy ● ● ● ~ 13 000 PUBMED No single definition 51 instrument Ecolution – purpose? Genetics – to take care of children or acquired trait?

What emapthy isn’t ● ● sympathy pity love alrusim

Elements ● Mirroring of behavior ● Emotional contagion ● Perspective ● Emotional control ● Self vs other

Development of empathy ● ● Emotional contagion Egocentric empathy – na plač drugog djeteta dijete traži utjehu za sebe (odlazi svojoj majci) Quasi - Egocentric empathy– dijete dovodi plačljivo drugo dijete svojoj majci, ili mu daje svoju igračku Empathy / sympathy

Cruelty in animals chimpanzee civil war - Kibale national park in Uganda Tanzaina's Gombe Stream national park – split to two tribes

http: //www. pbs. org - Hominidae Family Tree

Make love not war - Bonobos

Immanuel Kant -"Perpetual Peace" 1795 democracy, trade and an international community are pacifying forces Bruce Russett and John Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace Steven Pinker The surprising decline of violence

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 3 -7 y “I would cheat if I knew I wouldn't get caught” 1. Obedience and punishment “I’ll let you copy my work, if you give me 2. Self-interest orientation something in return” Level 2 (Conventional) highschool 3. Interpersonal conformity “I wont do it, cause I wont her to like me” 4. Authority and social-order “You cant do it as teacher said no” Level 3 (Post-Conventional) college “There may be an exception to the rule” 5. Social contract orientation “You shouldn't lie as it violates the 6. Universal ethical principles principle”

Thorndike – 1930 s How much would you have to be paid to undergo the following experiences? 1. to have one upper front tooth pulled out? 2. to have one little toe cutoff? 3. to eat a live earthworm six inches long? 4. to live the rest of your life on a farm in Kansas? 5. to choke a stray cat to death with your bare hands?

Utilitarianism revisited • • • 1. 74 000 $ 2. 4, 500 $ 3. 100, 000 $ 4. 300 000 $ 5. 164 000 $

Reason is weaker then situation • David Hume 1738: “Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them. ” Stanely Milgram experiment 1961 -1963

The bystander effect blog. lib. umn. edu

Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment • fart spray experisments (2005; 2008): • legalization of marriage between first cousins (Marriage), approval of sex between first cousins (Sex), moral judgments of driving rather than walking to work (Driving), and approval of a studio’s decision to release a morally controversial film (Film). • abortion, pornography, premarital seks, homosexual relationship or sex

Moral Universals/Foundations theory – Johnathan Haidt • • • Care/harm Fairness/cheating – Reciprocity - The Golden Rule, Liberty/oppression Loyalty/betrayal - Ingroup community Authority/subversion - hierarchy Sanctity/degradation - Purity – sex, food,

23, 684 subjects

Trolley problem Phillipa Foot 1967 The New York Times; Illustration by Frank O’Connell

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Thank you for your attention!