James Madison President 1809 1817 One of the

James Madison ◦ President (1809 – 1817) ◦ One of the Founding Fathers ◦ Federalist who became Jefferson’s right hand man

U. S. A. BORDERS IN 1812

CRASH COURSE – WAR OF 1812

THE WAR OF 1812 – OVERVIEW • Embargo = Gov. order that forbids trade with another country • Embargos by Jefferson harmed American sailors too • no money when you shut down the trade • Madison • Tried to deal with GB and FR to improve foreign relations and the U. S. economy • Succumbed to “War Hawks” pressure to go to war • South and West pressured Madison to go war to push GB out of Canada • Cost of War • Country greatly in debt after the war Click Image for video about War of 1812

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHO BRITISH • Tecumseh, leader of united some Native American tribes • Incited “Red Stick” Creek Wars AMERICANS (U. S. A. ) �Cherokee, Choctaw, and Southern Creek Indians �President James Madison �Naval Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry who won the battle of Lake Erie �Gen. Andrew Jackson ◦ “Old Hickory” ◦ Battle of New Orleans

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES AT SEA � 1805, Barbary Wars ◦ Fighting pirates off coast of Africa � Britain & France at War ◦ Global impact = fighting over territory & trade rights with other nations � Impressments ◦ Boarding & confiscating ships ◦ Forcing men to serve in British military ◦ French forcing Americans to trade with them or attacking their ships � Trade Restrictions ◦ Embargoes limited New England & NY trade

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES ON THE FRONTIER • Land Disputes • N. A. & American land disputes • Indiana, Tennessee, Ohio, etc. • British & American settlements • Fighting for the land along the Canadian border • British offering “scalp money” for N. A. attacks on Americans • Considered worse than Hessian mercenaries

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES IN CONGRESS War Hawks • Visualize: Hawks circling their prey before attacking • These members of Congress promoting war to demonstrate international power Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHERE: MAJOR BATTLES Interactive battle map: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 n. URZMqn. G 1 s

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHERE: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS �January 8, 1815 �War already declared over by GB but the treaty had not reached Louisiana yet �Jackson's 5, 000 soldiers won a victory over 7, 500 British � British = 2, 037 casualties � Americans = 71 casualties

THE WAR OF 1812 – THE OUTCOME � Stalemate/Cease Fire � U. S. likes to believe they won largely in part due to Battle of New Orleans & British not taking over America again � Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) signed December 1814 ◦ Gave rise to Nationalism ◦ Inspires poem to become National Anthem (later) ◦ All conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada – but this was still incomplete. � Casualties � ~6, 700 killed, wounded and MIA Americans; ~5, 000 British � Unresolved Issues ◦ U. S. in further debt ◦ No solutions to trade disputes & impressments ◦ Boundaries still disputed (Where does U. S. end? Why should it? ) ◦ Relations with Natives

PRESIDENT MONROE – 1817 -1825 • 5 th U. S. President • Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States • Believed in Isolationism • Washington’s philosophy but to the point of being territorial

THE MONROE DOCTRINE – 1823 • Latin American Revolution • Revolutions in the Latin America would open the door for new trade relations. • GB and USA hoped Spain would be kicked out of Latin America • Monroe’s Dilemma • Do we get involved yet again in foreign affairs? • John Quincy Adams drafts Monroe’s Doctrine: • North & South America are free & independent • No future subjects for colonization by another country • Western Hemisphere = off-limits to Europe; any interference = declaration of war! • Overall message • The U. S. is a strong, confident nation; back off!